Contact sensors

Adjustable Workbench (PAW) instrument assembly. The SH shown in Figs. 3.15 and 3.16 contains the electromechanical transducer (mounted in the center), the main and reference Co/Rh sources, multilayered radiation shields, detectors and their preamplifiers and main (linear) amplifiers, and a contact plate and sensor. The contact plate and contact sensor are used in conjunction with the IDD to apply a small preload when it places the SH holding it firmly against the target. The electronics board contains power supplies/conditioners, the dedicated CPU, different kinds of memory, firmware, and associated circuitry for instrument control and data processing. The SH of the miniaturized Mossbauer spectrometer MIMOS II has the dimensions (5 x 5.5 x 9.5) cm and weighs only ca. 400 g. Both 14.4 keV y-rays and 6.4 keV Fe X-rays are detected simultaneously by four Si-PIN diodes. The mass of the electronics board is about 90 g [36],... 

Kamarchuk GV, Pospelov OP, Yeremenko AV et al (2006) Point-contact sensors New prospects for a nanoscale-sensitive technique. Europhys Lett 76(4) 575-581... 

If, however, solid electrolytes remain stable when in direct contact with the reacting solid to be probed, direct in-situ determinations of /r,( ,0 are possible by spatially resolved emf measurements with miniaturized galvanic cells. Obviously, the response time of the sensor must be shorter than the characteristic time of the process to be investigated. Since the probing is confined to the contact area between sensor and sample surface, we cannot determine the component activities in the interior of a sample. This is in contrast to liquid systems where capillaries filled with a liquid electrolyte can be inserted. In order to equilibrate, the contacting sensor always perturbs the system to be measured. The perturbation capacity of a sensor and its individual response time are related to each other. However, the main limitation for the application of high-temperature solid emf sensors is their lack of chemical stability. 

Conceptually an optical measuring machine can be divided into two subsystems, a "machine system" and an "optical system". The "machine system" consists of a monoblock structure holding the measuring table and allows the displacement of the axes. The "optical system" consists of a charged-coupled device (CCD) which allows the acquisition and transfer of images to a computer connected to the "machine system" as well as the necessary lenses and objectives to obtain images of a given resolution. The system made up of CCD camera replaced the "contact sensor system" used in a CMM. This subdivision allows us to analyze separately the two systems in order to achieve a model as a basis for the evaluation of uncertainty. 

Of the variety of contact sensors that exist for measurement of temperature, thermocouples are among the more commonly implemented probes. Temperature measurement by thermocouple is based on the principle that the contact potential generated when two dissimilar metals are in contact varies with temperature. Therefore, by measuring the difference in the contact potential of a measurement junction that forms the probe tip, relative to that of the reference junction, the temperature difference between the junctions is obtained. Thermocouples can be manufactured from many different combinations of metals, depending on the working temperature range, chemical sensitivity of the probe, and desired sensitivity and accuracy. In general, the use of thermocouples is preferred over other contact sensors because of their relatively short response times and low cost. However, the temperature sensitivity of thermocouples can be quite low... 

Radiation thermometers sore used for remote (non-contact) sensing of temperature in situations where the contact sensors cannot be used. Operation is based on the principles of heat transfer through thermal radiation. Radiation thermometers focus the infrared energy from a heat source onto a black body (target) within the radiation thermometer enclosure (Fig. 18.23). One of the contact temperature sensors described previously is incorporated into the target to measure the target temperature. 

In-line, real-time, operator-friendly, continuous non-contact sensors and methods to identify and separate scrap/chips. 

Establish an index for recyclability strategies for tagging materials in order to enhance their recyclability in-line, real-time, operator-friendly, continuous non-contact sensor and methods for waste material separation (e.g., scrap/ chips) methods to produce high-quality metal (similar to primary quality) from mixed scrap. 

M.N. Abbas, H.S. Amer, A novel solid-contact sensor for flow injection determination of verapamil in pharmaceutical formulations and urine (Review), Current Pharmaceutical Analysis, 4 (2), 90-100, 2008. 

X.X. Sun, H.Y. Aboul-Enein, Internal solid contact sensor for the determination of doxycy-cline hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulation, Talanta, 58 (2), 387-396,2002. 

The best solution is a non-contact electrical test. An appropriate design of non-contact sensors combining flash probe, flash shock, common flash, and surface probe of OHT can reduce the total inspection cost. A suitable circuit pattern should be arranged at the beginning. The inspection should be conducted before blanking for handling convenience when final circuits are very tiny. 

If the stock is not of best quality and if for example a small hard or sticky piece happens to be at the paper surface, the contacting sensor will tear it out. This may result in a hole in the paper or even in a web break. 

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