Constructed wetlands , natural

The constructed wetland was composed of the two tanks connected in series the one is the aerobic tank and the other is the anaerobic/anoxic one (Figure 1). The former tank could remain aerobic owing to the continuous supply of air through the natural draft system (Figure 2) whose driving force for airflow was the temperature difference between the... 

Figure 2. The natural air draft system installed inside the aerobic tank of the constructed wetland.

Vymazal, J., Svehla, J., Kropfelova, L., and Chrastny, V., Trace metals in Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea growing in constructed and natural wetlands, Science of the Total Environment, 380 (1-3), 154-162, 2007. 

T0044 Applied Natural Sciences, Inc., TreeMediation T0178 Constructed Wetlands—General... 

Constructed wetlands are engineered systems designed to mimic the physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms of a natural wetland. Wetlands may be constructed above ground to resemble natural wetlands such as swamps, bogs, and marshes or they may treat contaminated water below the surface. Constructed wetlands have been used for the ex situ treatment of groundwater contaminated with explosives. 

Gopal B. (1999) Natural and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment potentials and problems. Water Sci. Technol. 40(3), 27-35. 

SRB remove sulfate and metals from solutions. Consequently, there has been considerable interest in stimulating SRB in order to remediate environments contaminated by AMD (e.g., constructed wetlands Berezowsky 1995 Thompson et al. 2000 Kolmert and Johnson 2001). However, the nanoparticulate nature of products means they are potentially fairly mobile and prone to rapid re-oxidation. 

During the treatment of heavy-metal containing solutions, the use of constmcted wetlands is thought of as an easy technologieal alternative when compared with conventional treatment methods. The term wetland is used to characterize natural ecosystems partially or totally flooded during the year. Observations about the ability of natural wetlands to change the quality of water led to the development of artificial ecosystems able to treat several classes of wastewater. Those ecosystems are called constructed wetlands, and the main... 

Duncan, C. P. and P. M. Groffman. 1994. Comparing microbial parameters in natural and constructed wetlands. J. Environ. Qual. 23 298-305. 

Gale, P. M., I. Devai, K. R. Reddy, and D. A. Graetz. 1993. Denitrification potential of soils from constructed and natural wetlands. Ecol. Eng. 2 119-130. 

K. Wood, A. (1997 >) Biogeoehemieal meehan-isms of metal and sulfur removal in natural and constructed wetlands In Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry. Vail, Colorado. October 1997... 

Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems. Waste-water and storm-water effluents can be treated and reused in natural systems of plants, algae, and other living organisms. Sequenced constructed ecosystems mimic natural processes of land and water habitats. Applications include greenhouses, rain gardens, aquatic systems, and wetlands remediation. 

Infrastructure was defined, for the purposes of this workshop, to incorporate the manufactured products, constructed facilities, and natural features that shelter and support most human activities. This encompasses buildings of all types, communications, energy generation and distribution, green spaces, transportation of all modes, water resources, and waste treatment and management. Manufactured products were included as part of infrastructure, as automobiles are an element of transportation infrastructure. Natural features were also considered part of infrastructure since, for example, wetlands impact waste treatment or lakes contribute to the water supply. 

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