Consolidation degree

Relevant quality factors for components made out of fiber reinforced plastics are consolidation degree, void content, residual stress, degradation, fiber breaks and inhomogeneous fiber matrix distribution. These factors are influenced by the winding velocity, heating, tension, mandrel material, cooling rate and the number of layers, that is, application thickness. ... 

Depending on the process parameters a specific consolidation degree is reached. In the best case it will be on the same level as received, for example by autoclave consolidation. But, the consolidation region is very limited during the process and due to the limited time available for build-up of a pronounced interdiffusion of the polymer chains the degree of consolidation is in most cases below the maximum reachable value. - ... 

Beside consolidation degree one of the most important quality factors for fiber reinforced thermoplastic materials is the void content inside the application. 

Izer A, Stocchi A, Barany T, Pettarin V, Bernal C and Czigany T (2010) Effect of the consolidation degree on the fracture and failure behavior of self-reinforced polypropylene composites as assessed by acoustic emission, Polym Eng Sci 50 2106-2113. 

A consolidation analysis is also related to a strength analysis (section 8.4.2), since the consolidation degree is directly related to the gain in strength. Each stability analysis should accurately model the geometry and characteristics of the fill at the corresponding point in time. 

Settlement and. structural characteristics of landfills. The settlement of landfills depends on the initial compaction, characteristics of wastes, degree of decomposition, and effects of consolidation when the leachate and gases are formed in the landfill. The height of the completed fill will also influence the initial compaction and degree of consolidation. 

The typical value of porosity for a clean, consolidated, and reasonably uniform sand is 20%. The carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) normally exhibit lower values, e.g., 6-8%. These are approximate values and do not fit all situations. The principal factors that complicate intergranular porosity magnitudes are uniformity of grain size, degree of cementation, packing of the grains, and particle shape. 

AD subjects have a higher prevalence of sleep disturbances than normal elderly, including sleep fragmentation, advancement of the sleep-wake cycle, and decreased amounts of slow wave and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep (Prinz et al., 1982 Reynolds et al., 1988 Bliwise et al., 1989). Sleep-wake cycle disruption in AD has been associated with a greater burden of neuropsychiatric disturbances (Rebok et al., 1991 Ancoli-Israel et al., 1994), particularly apathy and delusions (Kaufer et al., 2001). Several studies have observed a relationship between the degree of intellectual impairment and REM sleep abnormalities (Prinz et al., 1982 Vitiello et al., 1984 Moe et al., 1995), underscoring the role of REM sleep in memory consolidation (Wilson McNaughton, 1994). 

Structures with a high degree of reinforcement are susceptible to loss of bond between steel and concrete. This is particularly true in situations where the vibration required to consolidate the concrete is transmitted along the reinforcement and could cause loss of bond in previously placed partially hardened concrete. The adjustment of admixture dosage as placement proceeds ensures that the concrete remains plastic throughout the entire pouring period. 

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