Consistency testing interpreting results

Clearly, the GFI is a useful index. How should one interpret a low GFI The only way to do so is by considering the results of the other consistency tests. If the nose count test failed, or cleared the threshold by a close margin,... 

Generally, LEED experiments are conducted on specified faces of single crystals. When this is done, the diffraction pattern produced consists of a series of spots with a location, shape, and intensity that can be interpreted in terms of the surface structure. We focus attention on what can be learned from the location and shape of the spots since the study of intensity is beyond the scope of this book. It is generally assumed that the surface examined by LEED is an extension of an already-known bulk crystal structure. The correctness of this assumption can be tested, and results are often expressed in terms of modifications of the three-dimensional structure at the surface. Before we turn to the LEED patterns below, we must first figure out how they are read. 

An innovative approach to combining the best of the first and second trimester tests has been proposed that avoids most of the limitations of stand-alone first trimester screening—the integrated test. With this approach, measurements of NT and PAPP-A are made in the first trimester but not interpreted or acted upon until the second trimester. In the second trimester, a second serum is drawn and a quadruple test performed. Results from aU six tests (NT, PAPP-A, AFP, uE CG, and DIA) are combined into a single risk estimate for interpretation in the second trimCxSter. It is projected that this approach could detect 85% of Down syndrome cases with only a 1% false-positive rate. A recent study (SURUSS) involving results from 47,507 pregnancies at multiple centers obtained results consistent with this estimate. ... 

Unfortunately, such a test applies a rather complicated loading and unloading cycle to a highly deformable material. Therefore, a microscopic analysis of the sequence of events occurring during a tack test is necessary in order to attempt a detailed interpretation of a tack curve. Rather than presenting an exhaustive review of the most recent theories, we have chosen to present here a rather phenomenological picture which, while it leaves certain aspects unexplained, remains consistent with experimental results. 

The pursuit of operations research consists of (a) the judgment phase (what are the problems ), (b) the research phase (how to solve these problems), and (c) the decision phase (how to act on the finding and eliminate the problems). These phases require the evaluation of objectives, analysis of an operation and the collection of evidence and resources to be committed to the study, the (mathematical) formulation of problems, the construction of theoretical models and selection of measures of effectiveness to test the models in practice, the making and testing of hypotheses as to how well a model represents the problem, prediction, refinement of the model, and the interpretation of results (usually as possible alternatives) with their respective values (payoff). The decision-maker generally combines the findings of the... 

The wave interpretation of the interference pattern observed in Young s experiment is inconsistent with the particle or photon concept of light as required by Einstein s explanation of the photoelectric effect. If the monochromatic beam of light consists of a stream of individual photons, then each photon presumably must pass through either slit A or slit B. To test this assertion, detectors are placed directly behind slits A and B and both slits are opened. The light beam used is of such low intensity that only one photon at a time is emitted by S. In this situation each photon is recorded by either one detector or the other, never by both at once. Half of the photons are observed to pass through slit A, half through slit B in random order. This result is consistent with particle behavior. 

In assessing animal data, careful attention must be paid to the quality of the data, the incidence of spontaneous tumors in the control population, consistency if more than one study is available, and statistical validity. If the exposure route and experimental regimen employed do not agree with the most likely mode(s) of human exposure (e.g., intramuscular injection), the data must be interpreted cautiously. Consideration should be given to data on metabolism of the compound by the animal species tested, as compared with metabolism in humans if this information is known. If only in vitro data are available, only qualitative estimates may be possible because of uncertainties regarding the association between in vitro results and human or animal effects. The availability of associated pharmacokinetic data, however, may allow development of a rough quantitative estimate. 

Scientists need to classify and organize complex data, such as that yielded by medical tests or analysis via GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The data may be multifaceted and difficult to interpret, as different tests may conflict or yield inconclusive results. Growing cell structures may be used to assess medical data for example, such as that obtained from patient biopsies, and determine whether the test results are consistent with a diagnosis of breast cancer.1... 

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