Conservation techniques

Conservation can be considered to be the application of a treatment or a series of treatments to an object of artistic, historic or even sentimental value to prevent, halt or reverse deterioration. The more philosophical and ethical considerations of the profession have been discussed, among others, by Pye and the practical application of these considerations to leather objects by Sturge. 

---

Taking this into account I look forward to a productive NATO Summer School with new motivation to shift to energy conservation techniques of the new millennium in meeting Kyoto Targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to combat climate change. 

In these calculations, the fuel and combustion air were both at the standard temperature of 25°C. If the temperature of either had been below 25°C, then AllK would have acted to decrease the theoretical flame temperature. If either had been above 25°C, the effect would have been to increase the theoretical flame temperature. One energy conservation technique sometimes used in furnace design is to use waste heat to preheat the combustion air. This has the effect of increasing the theoretical flame temperature, and as will be seen later, increases the fuel efficiency. 

S.L. Vallance, Applications of Chromatography in Art Conservation Techniques Used for the Analysis and Identification of Proteinaceous and Gum Binding Media, Analyst, 122, 75R 81R (1997). 

In China and other less industrialized nations, industrial energy efficiency could be substantially improved. Chinese buildings require twice the energy as do buildings in similar climates in Europe or the United States. The efficiency of their power plants is 40% below the efficiency of combined-cycle plants in the United States. Their steel industry requires 20%, their cement 45%, and ethylene producers require 60% more energy than the international average. For these reasons, state-of-the-art optimization and energy conservation techniques (the topic of Chapter 2) alone can make a big difference. 

Improved energy efficiency is even more important in underdeveloped nations. In China, for example, the energy use of building conditioning could be cut in half. Similarly, the energy use of China s power plants, refineries, and cement and steel industries could all be reduced by 25-50%. Chapter 2 of this volume describes specific optimization and energy conservation techniques that can be adopted immediately to eliminate such energy waste in the various industries. 

The energy conserving techniques described in this paper are technically feasible, but economic feasibility often depends on gin size and annual volume. Although all of the techniques described may not be applicable to all gins, most gins could effectively use one or more of the techniques to reduce fuel consumption and processing costs. 

In summary, the strategy of the Industrial Energy Conservation program is to select the most energy-conservative techniques that... 

This section presents and discusses the practical issues associated with use of the constraint technique presented in this chapter. Some of these key issues include the need for energy conservation, techniques for ensuring the simulation initially proceeds along the compressive branch of the Rayleigh line, criteria for the choice of the empirical mass-like parameter Q in Eq. (8), and criteria for the choices of computational cell size and simulation duration. 

A conservation laboratory equipped to deal with finds had functioned at the Trust headquarters at Portsmouth since 1979, and the external Advisory Committees met regularly to review progress and monitor the work as it progressed. In 1982 a suitable dock in the Royal Naval Base was equipped to receive the hull while it was cleaned, restored and conserved. The salvage plans and a detailed research programme to define passive and active conservation techniques went on concurrently with the excavation offshore between 1980 and 1982. 

Other conservation techniques involving extraction of free water from artifacts with solvents include... 

In addition to lack of resources, development of conservation techniques for plastics has been impeded by ... 

---