Conjugated fatty acid

Conjugation as well as geometric and positional isomerization occur when an alkadienoic acid such as linoleic acid is treated with a strong base at an elevated temperature. CycHc fatty acids result from isomerization of linolenic acid ia strong base at about 250°C (58). Conjugated fatty acids undergo the Diels-Alder reaction with many dienophiles including ethylene, propylene, acryUc acid, and maleic anhydride. 

Taurine-conjugated fatty acids) Fig. 4. Known endocannabinoids congeners. 

On the other hand, BF3 (see Basic Protocol 1), as well as other acidic catalysts, will change the double-bond configuration of fatty acids that contain conjugated dienes. As research on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other conjugated fatty acids becomes more popular, it is essential not to provide misinformation about compositional analysis due to improper application of a methylation protocol (Li and Watkins, 1998). The basic catalysts perform better on lipids rich in fatty acids with unique conjugated diene structures. Isomerization and artifacts are not produced when sodium methoxide or TMG are used as transesterification agents... 

Ross, B. P., A. C. Braddy, R. P. McGeary, J. T. Blanch eld, L. Prokai, and I. Toth. 2004. Micellar aggregation and membrane partitioning of bile salts, fatty acids, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sugar-conjugated fatty acids Correlation with hemolytic potency and implications for drug delivbtpl. Pharm. 1 233-245. 

A quantitative conversion has been described within 4 h with 40 bar of pressure and at 100°C. The polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid were hydroformylated manifold. If RhC P O is employed, soybean oil cannot be hydroformylated because only the isomerization of conjugated fatty acids is obtained [24]. The direct processing of a fat without cleavage of the triglyceride is attractive for several applications. 

Conjugated fatty acids. These can be formed by bleaching from linoleic or linolenic acid and it is claimed that detection by UV absorption, or by HPLC if levels are low, indicate bleaching of the oil (Gertz, 1991). The method would probably only be of use if a high proportion (>30%) of the oil was refined. 

Chilliard, Y., Ferlay, A., Mansbridge, R.M. and Doreau, M. (2000) Ruminant milk fat plasticity nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids. Ann. Zootech., 49, 181-205. 

Michaud, A.L., Yurawecz, M.P., Delmonte, P., Corl, B.A., Bauman, D.E., Brenna, J.T. 2003. Identification and characterization of conjugated fatty acid methyl esters of mixed double bond geometry by acetonitrile chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75, 4925-4930. 

Hydrogenation Technologies for the Production of High Quantity of Biobeneficiary Conjugated Fatty Acids... 

Figure 20.4. Silver-ion impregnated HPLC chromatogram of methylated conjugated fatty acids of hydrogenated soybean oil. trans 13, trans 15-(peak 1), trans 12, trans 14-(peak 2), trans 11, trans 13-(peak 3), trans 10, trans 12-(peak 4), trans 9, trans 11-(peak 5), trans 8, trans 10-(peak 6), trans 7, trans 9-(peak l)ltrans 12, cis 14-(peak 8) cis 12, trans 14-(peak 9) trans 11, cis 13-(peak 10) cis 11, trans 13-(peak 11) cis 10, trans 12-/trans 10, cis 12-(peak 12) cis 9, transit-/trans 9, cis ll-(peak 13) trans 8, cis 10-/cis 8, trans 10-(peak 14), cis 10, c/sl2-(peak 15) cis 9, cis ll-(peak 16), cis 8, c/sl0-(peak 17). Source Jung and Jung, 2002.

Although the marine animals have been exploited thoroughly for food and other byproducts, their plant counter parts have not been exploited for food to the same extent, barring some seaweeds like Porphyra (nori) and Laminaria (konbu). Unlike terrestrial counter parts, marine plants have not been looked upon as important substrates for further processing of their lipids. In this section, seaweed lipids have been classified for convenience into different categories, viz., general fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, carotenoids (fuco-xanthin), and sterols (fucosterol). 

Figure 26.2. Summary of mechanisms involved in the formation of conjugated fatty acids.

Interest in seaweeds has been on the rise owing to the recognition of important bioactive molecules like conjugated fatty acids, pigments (especially fucoxan-thin) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that have profound physiologi-... 

The principle problem of algae as sources of lipids is their high water (70-90%) and low lipid content. Despite their lipid content (-7%), the fatty acids of marine algae have aroused considerable interest among researchers for their nutritional value to other marine organisms, occurrence of bioactive conjugated fatty acids, and potential medical applications. The annual production of carotenoids from seaweeds is estimated to be approximately 100 million tons, of which fucoxanthin, the main carotenoids from brown seaweed, contributes more than 10% (Matsuno, 2001). 

Bhaskar, N., Hosokawa, M., and Miyashita, K. 2006a. Occurrence of conjugated fatty acids in aquatic and terrestrial plants and their physiological effects. In Shahidi F. (Ed.), Nutraeeutical and Specialty Lipids and Their Co-Products (pp. 201-218). New York CRC Taylor Francis. 

Ogawa, J., Kishino, S., ando, A., Sugimoto, S., Mihara, K., and Shimizu, S. 2005. Production of conjugated fatty acids by lactic acid bacteria. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 100, 355-364. 

Jang, E. S., Jung, M. Y., and Min, D. B., Hydrogenation for low Trans and high conjugated fatty acids. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 1, 22-30 (2005). 

Mechanistic studies of autoxidation have concentrated on methylene-interrupted fatty acids, but many of the observations are valid for other compounds. Conjugated fatty acids such as CLA also oxidize through an autocatalytic free radical reaction, with the predominant hydroperoxide determined by the geometry of the conjugated diene system (45). Other groups with activated methylenes may be susceptible to oxidation, for example, the ether methylenes of ethoxylated alcohols used as surfactants (46). 

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