Confidence interval circles

Fig. 1. (left panel) [Eu/Fe] as a function of [Fe/H]. Gray-scale indicates predicted distribution of stellar fraction. The r-process site is assumed to be SNe of 8 — IOMq. The average stellar distributions are indicated by thick-solid lines with the 50% (solid lines) and 90% confidence intervals (thin-solid lines). The current observational data are given by large circles, with other previous data (small circles). 

Since the publication of ICH E9 there has been considerable debate about the validity of dynamic allocation, even with the random element. There is a school of thought which has some sympathy within regulatory circles that supports the view that the properties of standard statistical methodologies, notably p-values and confidence intervals, are not strictly valid when such allocation schemes are used. As a result regulators are very cautious ... 

Figure 6 RBE variation of neutron beams as a function of energy. The p(65) + Be beam of Louvain-la-Neuve is taken as reference (RBE = 1). The closed squares and circles correspond to six different visited neutron facilities. The open squares and circles correspond to beams produced at the variable-energy cyclotron of Louvain-la-Neuve. On the abscissa, the effective energy of the neutron beams is expressed by their half-value thickness (HVT 5/15) measured in specified conditions. Intestinal crypt regeneration in mice, after a single fraction irradiation, is taken as the biological system. The 95% confidence intervals are shown. A straight line is fitted through the points (squares) corresponding to neutron beams produced by the (p + Be) reaction. For comparison, the neutron beams produced by the (d + Be) reaction are represented by circles. (From Ref. 22.)...

Figure 1. Stoichiometry factor vs. bivalent ion occupancy in NaX (upper curve) and NaY (lower curve) at 25°C for cobalt (squares), nickel (circles), and zinc (triangles) (---------------) confidence interval at 95% level...

The 95% confidence intervals of the MOS lie in the range of 0.1-0.4. For some items, which differ significantly from the fitted curve, the confidence intervals are given. The filled circles are the same items as indicated in Fig. 1.9. The correlation and standard error of the estimate (R3=0.96 and S3=0.33) are derived from the third order regression line that is drawn using a NAG curve fitting routine. 

Fig. 12a, b Fitted time invariant overall mass transfer coefficients as a function of Ux evaluated from the averaged two sets of concentration measurements with error bars representing the 95% confidence intervals, b Comparison between experimentally determined Sh values (solid circles) and the experimental overall mass transfer correlation (solid curve) as a function of Ux... 

Figure 19 Secular variation in Th/Sc ratio for sedimentary rocks deposited in stable continental regions (shales) and tectonically active regions (sha-les/graywackes). Sample numbers are shown in or near boxes. Solid symbols and boxes are arithmetic means and 95% confidence intervals. Open circles are sediment averages reported by Condie (1993) (after McLennan et al, in press).

Fig. 7. An example of upper-mantle splitting analysis for a Solomon Islands event recorded at the Canadian station ULM. The top traces show the radial and transverse component before and after the correction for SKS and SKKS splitting. The vertical bars marked A and F indicate the analysis window. It should be noted that after the correction the SKS and SKKS energy is minimized on the transverse component. The four lower-left panels show the isolated slow (continous line) and fast (dashed line) shear waves and the particle motion within the analysis window before and after the splitting correction. It should be noted also that the particle motion becomes linear after the correction. The lower right panel shows the confidence intervals for the sphtting parameters. The 95% confidence interval is the innermost circle around the asterisk at 50° and 0.96 s.

In the examples presented above, resource heterogeneity was not incorporated. Resources in nature are variable in regard to supply over both time and space, and this does much to explain the coexistence of competing species. Tilman represents this by projecting a 95% bivariate confidence interval, a circle, upon the resource space (Figure 11.9). In this case, the dynamics of the competitive interactions between the two species change depending upon the resource availability. In part of the confidence interval, a competitive equilibrium is possible. In other parts of the confidence interval, competitive displacement of species A is possible. 

FIGURE 3.1 Linear regression for Example 3.25. Filled circles represent the experimental data and the linear model is shown with the solid line. The dashed lines mark the bounds of the 95% confidence interval on predictions for the linear model. 

Figure 3.7 Results from the measurement of fluoride in toothpaste. Data 1-9 are replicate measurements. Dashed lines are 95% confidence intervals. The circled datum (number 3) is the suspect outlier. The dotted line is the critical x value calculated from the a = 0.05", n = 9 Grubbs s test. The datum numbered 12 (circled cross) is the reference value of the sample (0.033 m/m%).

Fig. 4 Match of calculated to experimental KIEs in reaction space for the diphtheria toxin-catalyzed hydrolysis of NAD (see Ref. 17) (bottom right panel) contour plot of calculated 1- N KIEs throughout reaction space (bottom middle) expansion of the dissociative section of reaction space for 1- N KIEs. The shading shows the areas in each reaction space plot where the calculated KIEs match the experimental KIEs exactly (dark gray) or within the 95% confidence interval (light gray). The open circle shows the location of the experimentally determined transition state in reaction space.

Figure 12. Compositional dependence of the ( Ne/ He)c ratio on the forsterite content of olivine, according to Poreda and Ceding (1992). Data around Fogo are plotted enlarged in the inset. The solid line is a least sqnares fit through all the filled circles, with 95% confidence intervals (dotted lines). The dashed line gives the dependence expected by Lai (1991). The open circle is from Marti and Craig (1987). [Used by permission of the American Geophysical Union, from Poreda and Ceding (1992), Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 19, Fig. 2, p. 1865.]...

Solid circles are mean PMGF frequency at each distance, from a regression analysis using the exponential decay function, upper 95% confidence interval. 

Figure 2. Median and 95% confidence interval for radiocesium concentration in soil derived from the Chernobyl accident (squares, left v-axes) and weapons test (circles, right y-axes). Groups followed by the same characters are not significant different ( /-test, P > 0.05). Hollows (1) are defined where at least three from definite measured four points within a 3 m radius have a significantly higher altitude (> 10 cm) than the sampling plot, collines (3) are defined where at least three points have a significant lower altitude (> 10 cm) than the sampling plot. Plots which are not defined in that way (more or less on the same level) are grouped in class 2. N = 30 for each class, 10 points are excluded due to missing measurements within a 3 m radius.

Fig. 3.12. Discriminant partial-least-squares score plot for the global model of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability prediction. The model offers a good discrimination and evaluation of a compound s ability to cross the BBB good permeability, BBB+ (black circles) poor permeability, BBB- (open circles). The model assigned a correct BBB profile to more than 90% of the compounds. A confidence interval is built in the t1-t2 space, where BBB prediction can be borderline and doubtful. (From Crivori P, Crucian G, Carrupt PA, et al. Predicting blood-brain barrier permeation from three-dimensional molecular structure. J Med Chem 2000 43 2204-2216 with permission.)...

Figure 3.7 Apparent partition coefficient of benzo[a]pyrene as a function of volume fraction of methanol with 95% confidence intervals. Salinity = 35%o suspension concentration = 10.8 g L. Filled squares denote apparent partition coefficients used for the regression and the intercept with the y axis (open circle) the cosolvent partition coefficient. [Reproduced with permission from W. J. M. Hegeman, C. H. van der Weijden, and J. P. G. Loch, Environ. Sci. Tecnol. 29, 363 (1995). Copyright 1995, American Chemical Society.]...

Figure 13.6 Relationship between lipophilicity (logD7.4) and CYP3A4 inhibition for 2 subpopulations of chemistry within the dataset identified by the presence (filled circles) or absence (open circles) of a sterically unhindered pyridine, imidazole, or triazole function. The broken lines are 95% confidence intervals. Reproduced with permission ref. 53.

Fig. 3. Demonstration of CO2 concentration changes in jhe.new open system (shown in Fig.l) with leaf sample (barley, 1000/unol m s PAR, 25 C - full symbols and line) in comparison with behaviour of the system without leaves fopen symbols and broken line). C02-firee air and COo-enriched air (according to [5]) were used as cq and cr mixtures (see Fig. %. Each point represents the mean from 3 repetition, me confidence intervals (95%) are smaller than circle symbols.

The fact that the two-sided 95 % confidence interval excludes zero informs us that the result is statistically significant at the 5 % level, and the authors appropriately provided the exact p-value as well. This result received considerable attention not only in clinical circles but also in government and media settings. 

Figure 9.1 Well-defined (a) and poorly defined (b) peaks to illustrate the limitations of a simple difference search. The circles represent the measured channel content and the bars the 68 % confidence intervals (v-axes represent channels)...

FIG. 14 The linear relationship between the measured enthalpic changes and the water concentration (C) is shown for the water-hexadecane system (see Table 2). AHl, and AHl, are the least squares fit regression lines for the experimental points of (O) hexadecane and ( ) water, respectively. Dashed lines are 5% confidence intervals for the experimental lines. Heavily marked open circles (near the C axis) are AH values due to water melting at 263 K. and AHl as in Fig. 11. (From Ref. 15.)... 

Measurements carried out in mercury indicated that the appearance of a cavity takes place immediately upon the approach of the sphere to the wall under the action of very small forces, not exceeding several pN, which is in line with the earlier conclusion regarding an activation-free formation of the cavity, that is, under these conditions, there is no action of positive linear tension. The perimeter of a contact is easily visible through the eyepiece of a microscope and has the shape of a perfect circle. The values of the measured adhesion forces PsLs nd of the meniscus diameters 2xq are reported in the two left-hand columns of Table 1.1. While confidence intervals for the 2xq values indicate primarily the accuracy of measurements, the confidence intervals for the p Ls charac-... 

For each period, t, an inspection is conducted and the observed values are noted (black circles). For each observation, the expected value of degradation is estimated for the next inspection as well as its confidence interval of 90% when taking into account all the information (p and 0), blue lines, or just p (green lines). These quantities are obtained using stochastic simulations. 

FIGURE 14.3 Ordination of O. excavata Pj elements on the first two canonical axes, based on scores from the global canonical variates analysis. The 12 Swedish samples and topotype material are plotted. Circles represent 95 per cent confidence intervals that of the topotype material is dotted. The line links samples in stratigraphic order, starting with the oldest sample 12. Inset shows plot with data points removed for clarity. 

Measured brightness temperatures were 20.7, 17.9, 12.2, 10.4, 7.8 °C, for 1.2, 1.65, 2.3, 3.0, 3.6 GHz receivers, respectively. A result of the measurement and estimation of the temperature profile with 2o-confidence interval is illustrated in Fig.6 where the depth from the antenna surface given in mm is plotted along the abscissa and the temperature given in °C is plotted along the ordinate. A central smooth solid line represents the temperature-versus-depth profile estimated with the five-band MWR. Outer two solid lines indicate 2o-confidence interval (0.51 K) of the temperature estimation. The closed circles represent the readings taken with the thermocouples. 

Figure 16 Lung cancer and exposure to diesel exhaust for railroad workers solid circles, relative risk adjusted for cigarette smoking open circles, relative risk not adjusted for cigarette smoking. For the two studies by Howe and Williams, confidence intervals were not reported and could not be calculated. (From Ref 46.)...

---