Conductivity of at-

Flammable liquids are considered particularly static-prone if their elec trical conductivity is within the range of 0.1 to 10 pS/m. If no particulates or immiscible liquid are present, these prodlic ts are considered safe when their conductivity has been raised to 50 pS/m or higher. Blending operations or other two-phase mixing may cause such a high rate of charging that a conductivity of at least 1000 pS/m is needed for safe charge dissipation (British Standard 5958, part 1, Control of Undesirable Static Electricity, para. 8, 1991). 

For example, a voltage drop of less than 1V will occur across a hydrogel formulation with a thickness of 0.5 cm and a cross-sectional area of 5 cm at a current of 0.5 mA, if the formulation has a conductivity of at least 50pS/cm. 

As stated, SiC is expected to act as an efficient heat transfer medium to distribute heat and assist with hot-spot reduction associated with the very high exothermicity of this reaction. The use of SiC as a catalyst support was expected to result in an increase in catalyst lifetime and the prevention of VPO over oxidization [24,25]. To be effective, the thermally conductive material should have a thermal conductivity of at least 1 W m-1K-1 [20], making a-SiC a good candidate material, having a thermal conductivity ranging from 3.7 to 4.9 W m-1K-1. In this work, varying weight percents of the a-SiC were used as a modifier for the as-prepared VPO catalyst. In addition, the small reactor inner diameter (4 mm) ensures that isothermal conditions are favored. 

A good solid electrolyte should have an ionic conductivity of at least 0.01 (fi cm)" with an electronic transference number that should not exceed 10 . At lOOOK, show that the minimum band gap for such a solid would have to be 4eV. Assume that the electronic and hole mobilities are equal and that each is 100 cm"/V s. State all other assumptions. 

The above concept led to the creation of metalloplastics—a family of conductive plastics in which the conductivity is great enough to make the material resemble metal both electrically and thermally. To serve as a practical engineering material, metalloplastics should have electrical resistivities of less than 1 ohm-cm and thermal conductivities of at least a factor of ten higher than those of normal plastics. 

Liquids. Especially for corrosive acids, sewage, slurries, paper pulp. Liquid should have a conductivity of at least 1 pQ cm... 

Generally, the electrochemical reaction is a heterogeneous, multi-step process. These steps can be consecutive or parallel they can include homogeneous chemical reactions, transport processes, adsorption phenomena, crystals nucleation and growing, as well as formation of new phases, etc. However, one essential step, always required to occur in the electrochemical reaction is the electron transfer through the electrolyte solution-electrode phase boundary. Thus, the electronic conductivity of at least one phase is crucial for the reaction to proceed. The overall reaction can involve several electrons the electrons being transferred simultaneously or stepwise. In the latter case, other steps sometimes take place between the electron transfer steps. 

---