Conducting polymer nature

G Gustafsson, Y Cao, GM Treacy, F Klavetter, N Colaneri, and AJ Heeger, Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers, Nature, 357 477-479, 1992. 

Sailor M. J., Klavetter F. L., Grubbs R. H. and Lewis N. S. (1990b), Electronic properties of junctions between silicon and organic conducting polymers . Nature 346, 155-157. 

G. Gustafsson, Y. Cao, G. M. Treacy, F. Klavetter, N. Colaneri, A. J. Heeger, Flexible Light-Emitting Diodes Made from Soluble Conducting Polymers. Nature 1992, 357,477-479. 

Cao, Y., Treacy, G. M., Smith, R, and Heeger, A. J., Solution-cast films of polyaniline optical-quality transparent electrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 2711-2713 (1992). Gustafsson, G., Cao, Y., Treacy, G. M., Klavetter, E, Colaneri, N., and Heeger, A. J., Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers. Nature, 357, 411-419 (1992). 

Sanghvi, A. B., Miller, K. P. H., Belcher, A. M. and Schmidt, C. E. (2005) Biomaterials functionalization using a novel peptide that selectively binds to a conducting polymer. Nature Mat. 4,496 502. 

S. Lewis, Electronic properties of junctions between silicon and organic conducting polymers. Nature 346 155 (1990). 

Although its use as a transparent electrode in diodes has made it one of the most useful of the conductive polymers, the intractable nature of the material made the stmcture of polyaniline difficult to determine. Recent studies of polyphenyleneamineimines have conclusively shown that the stmcture of PANI is an exclusively para-linked system (21). 

J. Janata and M. Josowicz, Nature Materials, 2 (1), (2003) 19-24, Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors ... 

Chapters 10 to 29 consisted of reviews of plastics materials available according to a chemical classification, whilst Chapter 30 rather more loosely looked at plastics derived from natural sources. It will have been obvious to the reader that for a given application plastics materials from quite different chemical classes may be in competition and attempts have been made to show this in the text. There have, however, been developments in three, quite unrelated, areas where the author has considered it more useful to review the different polymers together, namely thermoplastic elastomers, biodegradable plastics and electrically conductive polymers. 

Natural graphite and synthetic graphite were used as fillers for the manufacture of conducting composite materials by the polymerization filling technique [24, 53-56], The manufacture of conducting polymer composite materials by this technique on the basis of some kinds of carbon black is also known [51, 52],... 

The presence of polymer, solvent, and ionic components in conducting polymers reminds one of the composition of the materials chosen by nature to produce muscles, neurons, and skin in living creatures. We will describe here some devices ready for commercial applications, such as artificial muscles, smart windows, or smart membranes other industrial products such as polymeric batteries or smart mirrors and processes and devices under development, such as biocompatible nervous system interfaces, smart membranes, and electron-ion transducers, all of them based on the electrochemical behavior of electrodes that are three dimensional at the molecular level. During the discussion we will emphasize the analogies between these electrochemical systems and analogous biological systems. Our aim is to introduce an electrochemistry for conducting polymers, and by extension, for any electrodic process where the structure of the electrode is taken into account. 

The interest of physicists in the conducting polymers, their properties and applications, has been focused on dry materials 93-94 Most of the discussions center on the conductivity of the polymers and the nature of the carriers. The current knowledge is not clear because the conducting polymers exhibit a number of metallic properties, i.e., temperature-independent behavior of a linear relation between thermopower and temperature, and a free carrier absorption typical of a metal. Nevertheless, the conductivity of these specimens is quite low (about 1 S cm"1), and increases when the temperature rises, as in semiconductors. However, polymers are not semiconductors because in inorganic semiconductors, the dopant substitutes for the host atomic sites. In conducting polymers, the dopants are not substitutional, they are part of a nonstoichiometric compound, the composition of which changes from zero up to 40-50% in... 

Figure 4. (A) Cyclic voltammograms over a range of scan rates for a redox polymer (poly-[Fe 5-amino-1,10-phenanthrotme)3]3+/>)91 and (B) p-doping and undoping of a conducting polymer (polypyrrole) (B). [(A) Reprinted from X. Ren and P. O. Pickup, Strong dependence of the election hopping rate in poly-tris(5-amino-1,10-phenan-throline)iron(HI/II) on the nature of the counter-anion J. Electroanal. Chem. 365, 289-292,1994, with kind permission from Elsevier Sciences S.A.]...

As illustrated in the previous sections, the electrochemical properties of conducting polymer films are strongly influenced by polymer-ion interactions. These interactions are in turn influenced by the nature of the solvent and the solvent content of the film. Consequently, the electrochemical behavior of conducting polymer films can be highly solvent dependent. Films can even become electrochemically inactive because of lack of solvation.114,197... 

The enormous efforts put into the basic research and development of conducting polymers are naturally related to hopes of feasible technical apphcations The starting point of this development was the discovery that PA can fimction as an active electrode in a rechargeable polymer battery. Since then, the prospects of technical application have grown considerably Apart from the battery electrode, conducting polymers are discussed as potential electrochromic displays... 

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