Polymerization-filling technique

Natural graphite and synthetic graphite were used as fillers for the manufacture of conducting composite materials by the polymerization filling technique [24, 53-56], The manufacture of conducting polymer composite materials by this technique on the basis of some kinds of carbon black is also known [51, 52],... 

In situ formation of the polyolefin nanocomposites has also been developed in great details. Polymerization filling technique for the synthesis of polyolefin nanocomposites... 

Alexandre, M., Martin, E., Dubois, R, Garcia-Marti, M., and Jerome, R. 2000. Use of metallocenes in the polymerization-filling technique with production of polyolefin-based comp>osites. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 21 931-936. 

Jerome et al. prepared a series of nanocomposites consisting of PE and non-modified layered silicates (MMT, hectorite) by the so-called polymerization filling technique (PFT). This technique consists in the in situ polymerization after attaching the catalyst to the surface and within the interlayer of the clay (Figure 6.5). 

Dubois P, Alexandre M, Hindryckx F, Jerome R (1998) Polyolefin-based composites by polymerization-filling technique. J Macromol Sci Part C 38 511-565... 

Alexandre M, Dubois P, Sun X, Garces JM, Jerome R (2002) Polyethylene-layered silicate nanocomposites prepared by the polymerization-filling technique synthesis and mechanical properties. Polymer 43 2123-2132... 

Kaminsky [92] was the first to report a method in which the filler surfaces were treated with metallocene-based catalyst for the production of filled polyolefins. In this method, at first under inert atmosphere, the clay surface is treated with an alkylaluminum compound to reduce the residual water content. In the second step, the catalyst or cocatalyst solution is impregnated onto the clay surface followed by washing with an anhydrous solvent to avoid excess catalyst leaching from the support during the polymerization. Additional alkylaluminum compounds may be used during the course of polymerization. This polymerization-filling technique is a widely used procedure for the synthesis of polymer/clay nanocomposites using coordination catalysts [60, 93, 94]. 

P. Dubois, M. Alexandre, F. Hindrycks and R. Jerome, Polyolefin-based composites by polymerization-filling technique , J. Macromol. Sci. Reviews, 1998, C38,511-565. 

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