Condition-dependent expression

To some extent all traits show condition-dependent expression. For example, most traits scale with body size. The important question is whether we expect condition-dependence to be greater in sexual traits We can study this by... 

The first of these issues is known as operationality (Minton et al., 1990) and will be discussed in Section V. The second problem requires us to equip the deduction process with a means to know when deductions are irrelevant, or to change the way the conditions are expressed to avoid the problem altogether. In general, neither of these solutions can be accomplished in a domain independent way. However, the latter solution confines the domain dependency to the conditions themselves, rather than the deduction mechanism, and thus is preferred. 

Fusion protein pull-down assays involve the overexpression of bait and/or fusion proteins in bacteria. Often, the expressed fusion proteins are localized in occlusion bodies and not readily soluble under nondenaturing conditions. The expressed proteins can be extracted using urea, sonication, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or a combination of all the three. The net result is the denaturation of the recombinant protein and it may need to be refolded if the interaction domain is conformationally dependent. A major advantage of the pull-down assay is that high concentrations of proteins can be easily generated thus favoring protein association for a reversible equilibrium between two proteins. 

In the present work, we must carry out transformations of the dipole moment functions analogous to those descrihed for triatomic molecules in Refs. [18,19]. Our approach to this problem is completely different from that made in Refs. [18,19]. We do not transform analytical expressions for the body-fixed dipole moment components (/Zy, fiy, fi ). Instead we obtain, at each calculated ab initio point, discrete values of the dipole moment components fi, fiy, fif) in the xyz axis system, and we fit parameterized, analytical functions of our chosen vibrational coordinates (see below) through these values. This approach has the disadvantage that we must carry out a separate fitting for each isotopomer of a molecule Different isotopomers with the same geometrical structure have different xyz axis systems (because the Eckart and Sayvetz conditions depend on the nuclear masses) and therefore different dipole moment components (/Z, fiy, fij. We resort to the approach of transforming the dipole moment at each ab initio point because the direct transformation of analytical expressions for the body-fixed dipole moment components (/Zy, fiyi, fi i) is not practicable for a four-atomic molecule. The fact that the four-atomic molecule has six vibrational coordinates causes a huge increase in the complexity of the transformations relative to that encountered for the triatomic molecules (with three vibrational coordinates) treated in Refs. [18,19]. 

Associated with Eqs. (5-6) and (5-7), are the boundary conditions which express the continuity of the concentration fields and of the fluxes for the steady-state as well as for the time dependent quantities ... 

To obtain a rough physical understanding of the mechanism of the instability, attention may be focused first on a planar detonation subjected to a one-dimensional, time-dependent perturbation. Since the instability depends on the wave structure, a model for the steady detonation structure is needed to proceed with a stability analysis. As the simplest structure model, assume that properties remain constant at their Neumann-spike values for an induction distance after which all of the heat of combustion is released instantaneously. If v is the gas velocity with respect to the shock at the Neumann condition, then may be expressed approximately in terms of the explosion time given by equation (B-57) as Z = vt. From normal-shock relations for an ideal gas with constant specific heats in the strong-shock limit, the Neumann-state conditions are expressible by v/vq = po/p —... 

Although the change in system pressure from that of monomer flow to that of flow under plasma conditions depends on many factors, the relationship expressed by Eq. (12.1) still holds for the LCVD system, but the flow rate to be used in the... 

The SERS electromagnetic enhancement originates from the resonance between incident radiation and electronic excitation wave on the metal surface, called surface plasmon band, as explained below. The resonance condition depends on the dielectric constant of the metal s (co) = Sj + i 2, which is a complex function of the frequency co. The enhancement factor can be expressed as ... 

In view of the above-mentioned points, the offset of category 2/onset of category 3 behavior (beginning overlap of diffusion zones) is a crucial criterion in the voltammetry of regular arrays of microparticles/microelectrodes. Usually, a linearly dependent expression on the microparticle disk radius for the size of the diffusion zones is given and used, for example, d> 20 Ri, [47]. Davies et al., in contrast, proposed a condition to ensure diffusion of category 2 behavior as follows [35] ... 

The dependence (4.12.3) can also be used to estimate the intensity of transient mass transfer for nonspherical particles, drops, and bubbles at Pe 1. In this case, all dimensionless variables r, Sh, Shst, and Pe must be defined on the basis of the same characteristic length a. Under this condition, the expression (4.12.3) provides valid asymptotic results for small as well as large times. Equation (4.12.3) can be rewritten as follows ... 

The rate of a reaction is governed by reactant concentrations and by physical parameters such as pressure and temperature, but how it is governed by these conditions depends on the mechanism of the reaction. It is the mechanism that lies behind the kinetic rate expression. Understanding the mechanism and its rate expression allows us to engineer the reaction by influencing elementary steps in the overall conversion process. 

The maximum attainable degree of crystallisation during spontaneous, spherulitic crystallisation of flexible polymers under quasi-isotropic conditions depends to a great extent on the maximum rate of crystallisation [v(max.)]. The v(max.) is related to the Tg/Tm ratio and this relation permits Van Krevelen [1] to report a x(c) versus Tg/Tm curve. Van Krevelen also reports a purely empirical expression for v(max.) based on the observation that the growth rate is high if the regularity of the molecular structure is strong ... 

We present now the extension of the constitutive equation (7) to partially saturated porous media. The material is assumed to be saturated by a liquid phase (noted by index w) and a gas mixture (noted by index g ). The gas mixture is a perfect mixture of dry air (noted by index da) and vapour (noted by index va). Based on most experimental data of unsaturated rocks and soils (Fredlund and Rahardjo 1993), and on the theoretical background of micromechanical analysis (Chateau and Dormieux 1998), the poroelastic behaviour of unsaturated material should be non-linear and depends on the water saturation degree. We consider here the particular case of spherical pores which are dried or wetted under a capillary pressure equal to the superficial tension on the air-solid interface. By adapting the macroscopic non-linear poroelastic model proposed by Coussy al. (1998) to unsaturated damaged porous media, the incremental constitutive equations in isothermal conditions are expressed as follows ... 

Depending on the purity aind the history of the dry enzyme preparation, recovery yields of 90-100% expressed activity of the immobilized enzyme have been achieved. The activity of the soluble enzyme preparation after dialysis is approximately 400 IGIU/ ml and a 2X quantity of enzyme is utilized for immobilization with roughly 50% of the offered soluble enzyme being recovered after immobilization and 45-50% of the offered soluble enzyme resulting in expressed activity on the reactor when operated under the aibove conditions. Depending upon the activity of the purified enzyme, the activity of the carrier after immobilization is typically 600 IGIU/g. 

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