Condensed silica fume

Hooton, R.D. (1987). International Workshop on Condensed Silica Fumes in Concrete, Montreal, Canada, 30. 

Aitcin, P.C. (1983). Condensed Silica Fume, Faculte des Sciences Appliques, Universite de Sherbrooke. 

Without a water-reducing admixture, condensed silica fume dramatically decreases the workability. 

Class D. Inorganic materials of high surface area or unusual surface properties which increase the water-retaining capacity of the mix. These include very fine clays (bentonites), pyrogenic silicas, condensed silica fume, milled asbestos and other fibrous materials. 

Bilodeau, A., Carette, G.G. (1989) Resistance of Condensed Silica Fume Concrete to the Combined Action of Freezing and Thawing Cycling and the Deicing Salts, ACI SP 114-47 Trondheim Conference, pp. 945-970. 

When sand is used as a filler, the composite is referred to as a polymer mortar. Other fillers include crushed stone, gravel, limestone, chalk, condensed silica fume (silica flour, silica dust), granite, quartz, clay, expanded glass, and metallic fillers. Generally, any dry, nonabsorbent, solid material can be used as filler [4],... 

In non-carbonated and chloride-free concrete, the concentration of hydroxyl ions (OH ) varies from 0.1 M to 0.9 M, due to the presence of both NaOH and KOH (the latter is predominant, especially in Portland cement). Other ions, e. g. Ca and S04 , are present only in very low concentrations. Addition of blast furnace slag or fly ash to Portland cement results in a moderate reduction of ionic concentration, and thus in pH. From hydroxyl ion concentrations in Table 2.1, values of pH of 13.4-13.9 can be calculated for Portland cement, and pH values of 13.0-13.5 for blended cements. Addition of condensed silica fume in higher percentages may lead to a decrease in the pH to values to below 13 [4, 10]. 

Aitcin, P.C., and Regourd, M. (1985) Use of condensed silica fume to control alkah-silica reaction a field case study. Cement and Concrete Research 15,711-719. 

Alexander, M.G., and Magee, G.J. (1999) Durability performance of concrete containing condensed silica fume. Cement and Concrete Research 29,917-922. 

Gantefall, O. (1986) Effect of condensed silica fume on the diffusion of chlorides through hardened cement paste. ACI SP-91, pp. 991-998. 

FIP (1988), Federation Internationale de la Precontrainte. Condensed Silica Fume in Concrete. State of art report, London Th. Telford. 

Mehta, P. K., Gjorv, O. E. (1982) Properties of Portland cement concrete containing fly ash and condensed silica fume, Cement and Concrete Research, 12(5) 587-95. 

High calcium fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag are cementitious. Low calcium fly ash is termed a normal pozzolan. Condensed silica fume and rice husk ash are highly pozzolanic. Slowly cooled blast furnace slag, bottom ash, and field burnt rice husk ash are weak pozzolans. 

Meland, I, Influence of Condensed Silica Fume and Fly Ash on the Heat Evolution in Cement Pastes, Proc. CANMET/ACI F lnt Conf. on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other By-Products in Concr., Vol. 2, SP-79 665-676 (1983)... 

P. Balaguru and J. Kendzulak, Flexural behavior of slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIECON) made using condensed silica fume , in V.M. Malhotra (ed.) FiyAsh, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, ACI SP-9i, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Ml, 1986, pp. 1216-1229. 

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