Condensation vertical cylinder

Evaporators, Horizontal-Tube Type - The basic horizontal-tube evaporator is illustrated in Figure 12. The body of this evaporator is the liquor compartment and is in the form of a vertical cylinder. It is closed, top and bottom, with dished heads, although the bottom may be conical. The lower body ring is provided on opposite sides with steam compartments, closed on the outside by cover plates and on the inside by tube sheets. Between these tube sheets are fastened a number of horizontal tubes. The two steam chests with their connecting mbes form the steam compartment, and the tube wall heating surface. Steam is introduced into one steam chest and as it flows through the tubes it washes non-condensed gases and condensate ahead of it, so that these are withdrawn from the opposite steam chest. 

Baasel, W. D. and J. S. Smith, A Mathematical Solution for the Condensation of Vapors from Non-Condensing Gases in Laminar Elow Inside Vertical Cylinders, AIChE Journal, Nov. (1963) p. 826. 

Studies have been reported on condensation in a rotating horizontal disk [265], a rotating vertical cylinder [266], and a rotating horizontal cylinder [267]. Improvements are several hundred percent above the stationary case for water and organic liquids. 

A. A. Nicol and M. Gacesa, Condensation of Steam on a Rotating Vertical Cylinder, / Heat Transfer (97) 144-152,1970. 

The separation of close boiling components in a mixture has been accomplished commercially by cascading several evaporations and condensations of such mixtures in a device known as a distillation or rectification column. There are two types of columns, namely, packed columns and plate columns. The former are vertical cylinders filled with a variety of packings that provide a large surface area per unit volume to promote maximum contact between the downward liquid flow and the upward vapor flow. Since this type of column can encounter poorer vapor-liquid contact than the plate column, it is only seldomly used in cryogenic separation systems. 

For the manufacture of carbon disulphide on the large scale, the charcoal is contained in a large vertical cast-iron cylinder, ten to twelve feet high and from one to two feet in diameter. This cylinder is surrounded by brickwork and heated by a fire beneath. The sulphur is introduced through a hopper connected with a side tube at the base of the cylinder. The carbon disulphide vapour is led away from the top of the cylinder through a pipe, the end of which dips under water, where most of the product condenses. Beyond the water condenser is a series of tubes in which condensation is completed. Hydrogen sulphide, one of the impurities, escapes condensation and passes on, being subsequently absorbed in slaked lime.4... 

In the process, chlorine is fed in below the surface of the aluminum, and the product sublimes and is collected by condensing. These air-cooled condensers are thin-walled, vertical steel cylinders with conical bottoms. Aluminum chloride crystals form on the condenser walls and are periodically removed, crushed, screened, and packaged in steel containers. 

B Calculate the heat flux associated with condensation on inclined and horizontal plates, vertical and hoiizonlal cylinders or spheres, and tube bundles,... 

The inner reference cylinder can be moved vertically and maintained concentric with the outer section. With the inner cylinder raised, a metal him can be evaporated to form the outer cylinder of the capacitor. The reference surface is prepared by coating the outside of the glass cylinder with a mixture of stannous oxide+1% antimony pentoxide. For most evaporated films, the condenser has a capacity of 30 pf. It is essential to screen effectively from electromagnetic and electrostatic interference. This is done by earthing the filament, an inner stannous oxide coating and an outer coating of liquid platinum. 

The distilland (sample) is added to the top and allowed to flow by the force of gravity down the surface in a thin film. The still usually consists of two vertical concentric cylinders, one being the evaporator and the other the condenser. Most of the sample is stored at low temperature and only the portion that is in immediate contact with the evaporator is heated and then only for a few seconds (10-50). Most falling films are from 0.1 to 2.0 mm thick. The efficiency is better than that of all but the smallest batch apparatus with f values approaching 1 and having one theoretical plate between the evaporator and the condenser. A value of 5-6 g/secW is reasonable with small units. From 5-10 % of the sample is distilled in one pass. Such a still is shown in Figure 7-3. 

Vertical Flat Plates. Following the earlier work by Bromley [190] on cylinders (see below), Hsu and Westwater [191] derived an expression for laminar film boiling on a vertical plate that is analogous to that for laminar film condensation. The average value of hc over a plate of height L is given by... 

Alcohol distillation demanded better equipment, and in the early years of the 19th century several stills were designed in which the vapors passed through cylinders which were divided into compartments by perforated plates. These horizontal stills operated by partial condensation (4). In France in 1818 J. B. Cellier devised a still for making brandy from large volumes of dilute aqueous solution, using a vertical column with bubble plates. 

The Standard Messo multistage vacuum crystallizer Figure 8.52) provides a number of cooling stages in one vessel. The horizontal cylinder is divided into several compartments by vertical baffles that permit underflow of magma from one section to another but isolate the vapour spaces. Each vapour space is kept at its operating pressure by a thermocompressor, which discharges to a barometric condenser. 

Two purification processes have been employed. In one of these the main condenser is immersed in an oil bath, which can be heated to 220°C after condensation, to allow the mixed chlorides to melt and flow to a displacer unit. This consists of a vertical steel pipe, also at 220°C, about 5 ft long and 3 in. diameter. A steel cylinder is slowly fed from the upper part of the tube to the lower part, the tube being filled with liquid chlorides, so as to displace the latter at a constant rate. The liquid chlorides are then vapourized, as they flow from the displacer unit through a short section of heated pipe, and passed with hydrogen into a horizontal steel reactor about 4 ft long by 9 in. diameter. This reactor is heated to 350 C and allows the ferric chloride impurity to be reduced to the involatile ferrous chloride, i.e. 

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