Computing power presentation layer

Two basic simulation approaches can be taken. The most obvious one is the direct brute force simulation of the entire double layer including an electrode with or without surface charge, ions and counterions, which screen this surface charge, and which form a diffuse layer. This approach has become possible only very recently due to the long time scales (in excess of 1 nanosecond) necessary to obtain converged results. Even with present day computing power these calculations are difficult to do. 

For certain applications, portability and power savings outweigh the need for highly scalable, computer-controlled valving. It should be clear to those experienced in elastomeric valving on nontrivial chip-based architectures that the external hardware also becomes nontrivial in both size and complexity. A useful alternative was presented by Whitesides and coworkers, in which torque-actuated valves were used to collapse PDMS channels, thereby closing the channels to fluid flow. The mechanistic action of these valves was similar to the Quake valves, in that a pressure was applied above a thin layer of PDMS to collapse a fluidic channel. However, since the torque-actuated valves (coined as TWIST valves) relied on a miniature machine screw to collapse the channels, they did... 

Eor example, the effective elastic properties of silica nanopartides-reinforced polymer nanocomposites were predicted by means of various FEM-based computational models [70], induding an interphase layer around partides as a third constituent material in the prediction of the mechanical properties. Boutaleb et al. [30] studied the influence of structural characteristics on the overall behavior of silica spherical nanoparticles-polymer nanocomposites by means of analytical method and FEM. They assumed that the interphase between silica partide and polymer matrix presents a graded modulus, ranging from that of the silica to that of the polymer matrix, for example, a gradual transition from the properties of the silica to the properties of the polymer matrix (Figure 5.6). The change in elastic modulus in the interphase was described by a power law introducing a parameter linked to interfacial features. 

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