Computer in design

The use of computers in design and related fields is widespread and will continue to expand. It is increasingly important for designers to keep up to date continually with the nature and prospects of new computer... 

Voutchkov, I. and Keane, A. J. (2006). Multiobjective optimization using surrogates, in 1. C. Parmee (ed.). Adaptive Computing in Design and Manufacture 2006. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference (The Institute for People-centred Computation, Bristol, UK), pp. 167-175. 

Eckert, E., Marek, M. and Spevacek, J., 1975, Symposium on Computers in Design and Erection of Chemical Plants, Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia. 

Industrial scale polymer forming operations are usually based on the combination of various types of individual processes. Therefore in the computer-aided design of these operations a section-by-section approach can be adopted, in which each section of a larger process is modelled separately. An important requirement in this approach is the imposition of realistic boundary conditions at the limits of the sub-sections of a complicated process. The division of a complex operation into simpler sections should therefore be based on a systematic procedure that can provide the necessary boundary conditions at the limits of its sub-processes. A rational method for the identification of the subprocesses of common types of polymer forming operations is described by Tadmor and Gogos (1979). 

The family of hierarchical elements are specifically designed to minimize the computational cost of repeated computations in the p-version of the finite element method (Zienkiewicz and Taylor, 1994). Successive approximations based on hierarchical elements utilize the derivations of a lower step to generate the solution for a higher-order approximation. This can significantly reduce the... 

As discussed in the previous chapters, discretization of the solution domain into an appropriate computational mesh is the first step in the finite element simulation of field problems. Main factors in the selection of a particular mesh design for a problem are domain geometi-y, type of the finite elements used in the di.scretization, required accuracy and cost of computations. In this respect, the accuracy of computations depends on factors such as ... 

Homology modeling is discnssed in recent computational drug design texts and... 

The first step in designing a new compound is to find compounds that have even a slight amount of usefulness for the intended purpose. These are called lead compounds. Once such compounds are identified, the problem becomes one of refinement. Computational techniques are a fairly minor part of finding lead compounds. The use of computer-based techniques for lead compound identification is usually limited to searching databases for compounds similar to known lead compounds or known to treat diseases with similar causes or symptoms. 

C. H. Reynolds, M. K. HoUaway and H. K. Cox, Computer-AidedMolecular Design Applications in Agrochemicals, Materials and Pharmaceuticals, ACS Symposium Series No. 589, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

The use of the computer in the design of chemical processes requires a framework for depiction and computation completely different from that of traditional CAD/CAM appHcations. Eor this reason, most practitioners use computer-aided process design to designate those approaches that are used to model the performance of individual unit operations, to compute heat and material balances, and to perform thermodynamic and transport analyses. Typical process simulators have, at their core, techniques for the management of massive arrays of data, computational engines to solve sparse matrices, and unit-operation-specific computational subroutines. 

Almost all vendors and manufacturers of process equipment use computer programs in designing and rating the equipment that they make. Such programs are made available to the purchasers of their equipment, often as a service or at a minimal cost. From an engineering point of view, some of these programs are biased in favor of the vendor s equipment. 

In principle, this set of equations can be solved for the various constants, a through Q, just as a and b were obtained previously. In practice, however, the actual numerical evaluation involves considerable computation in all but the simplest examples. Computer solution by matrix techniques designed specifically to handle this type of data correlation problem is usually required. 

Rl accomplishes this task correctiy in a fraction of the time it would take for human technicians. The savings in this case are in terms of the number of orders processed, which ultimately translates to doUars. As a final example, consider Prospector, another classic expert system built in the 1970s (4). This computer program, designed to detect commercially viable ore deposits based on geological data, correctiy identified a molybdenum ore deposit worth about 100 million. 

Overview One of the most important considerations involved in designing gas-absorption towers is to determine whether or not temperatures will vaiy along the length of the tower because of heat effects, since the sohibility of the solute gas normally depends strongly upon the temperature. When heat effects can be neglected, computation of the tower dimensions and required flows is relatively straight-... 

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