Computer-aided design pattern tools

Level 5 (genius) pixels (thousands of transistors) have complexities, in general, above a thousand active devices, a level of complexity sufficient for implementing application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and microprocessors. But this functionality level has problems not faced by the lower levels. First, for free-space optical interconnection, optical I/Os should be arranged in a structured two-dimensional pattern in order to effectively use the two-dimensional nature of imaging optics. On the other hand, computer-aided design (CAD) tools for elec-... 

Effects that cause non-uniformity in patterned electrodeposition of microscopic features are the subject of J. O. Dukovic s chapter. Mathematical models are used to identify process conditions which lead to flat profiled features of uniform height needed in electronic components. The emergence of computer-aided-design tools for electrochemical microfabrication is discussed. 

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