Compression stockings

Moderate Major or minor surgery, age 40-60 years, and no clinical risk factors Major surgery, age less than 40 years, and no clinical risk factors Minor surgery, with clinical risk factor(s) Acutely ill (e.g., myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, heart failure exacerbation), and no clinical risk factors 10-20 1-2 I o UFH 5000 units SC every 12 hours Dalteparin 2500 units SC every 24 hours Enoxaparin 40 mg SC every 24 hours Tinzaparin 3500 units SC every 24 hours IPC Graduated compression stockings... 

Postthrombotic syndrome occurs in 20% to 50% of patients within 8 years after a DVT. Wearing graduated compression stockings (GCS) after a DVT reduces the risk of PTS by as much as 50%. Current guidelines recommend the use of GCS with an ankle pressure of 30 to 40 mm Hg for 2 years after a DVT. To be effective, GCS must fit properly. Traditionally, strict bed rest has been recommended after a DVT, but this approach has now been refuted and patients should be encouraged to ambulate as tolerated.8,34... 

Encourage all patients who have had DVT to wear graduated compression stockings. 

CCS graduated compression stockings SBP systolic blood pressure... 

Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis is recommended for septic patients. Low-dose unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin may be utilized. Graduated compression stockings or an intermittent compression device is recommended for patients with a contraindication to heparin products (thrombocytopenia, severe coagulopathy, active bleeding, or recent intracerebral hemorrhage).24... 

Nonpharmacologic methods improve venous blood flow by mechanical means and include early ambulation, electrical stimulation of calf muscles during prolonged surgery, graduated compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression devices, and inferior vena cava filters. 

Water, increased water intake leads to higher blood volume and prevent dehydration Compression stockings Increased physical activity... 

The edema-reducing effects of class II compression stockings in patients with chronic venous insufficiency have been compared with those given either a placebo or a dried horse chestnut seed extract (HSCE, providing aescin 50 mg twice daily) in a randomized, partially blinded, parallel study. After 12 weeks of therapy, HSCE and compression produced equivalent mean decreases in lower-leg volume (44 and 47 ml, respectively), whereas a mean increase of 10 ml was observed in the placebo group. 

Long-haul travellers are advised to wear compression stockings, to encourage the return of blood from the legs to the heart. However, these are not suitable for patients with arterial disease. 

Mobilization may reduce complications, including pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and pressure ulcers. At present, there are no reUable data to recommend the use of compression stockings or low-dose heparin for deep vein thrombosis prohylaxis (Andre et al. 2007) but trials are ongoing (Dermis 2004). 

Diehm C, Trampisch HJ, Lange S, Schmidt C. Comparison of leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Lancet 1996 347 292-294. 

Only a handful of smdies have formally evaluated the cost-effectiveness of VTE prevention strategies. The acquisition costs of graduated compression stockings, heparin, and warfarin are considerably less than those of the LMWHs, DTls, and fondaparinux. However, the acquisition cost for drug therapy is relatively small when compared with the overall cost of care. Economic analyses must take into account the efficacy of the strategy, treatment complications, and monitoring costs. 

In addition to anticoagulant therapy for patients with proximal DVT, wearing graduated compression stockings can rednce the risk of developing the postthrombotic syndrome by as mnch as 50%. To be... 

Agu O, Hamilton G, Baker D. Graduated compression stockings in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Br J Surg 1999 86 992-1004. 

Many women with pregnancy-inflnenced gastrointestinal issues can be treated safely with lifestyle modification or medications, many of them nonprescription. Gestational diabetes, hypertension, and thyrotoxicosis may or may not require drug therapy venous thromboembolism usually will require therapy with a low-molecular-weight heparin and compression stockings. 

Gradient compression stockings have been used for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. The function is realized in sportswear and socks with elastomeric fiber for the required compression profile and elasticity for perfect fit and functionality. This graduated compression is to improve blood circulation and reduce muscle... 

Veraat JC, Pronk G, Neuman HA. Pressure differences of elastic compression stockings at the ankle region. Dermatol Surg 1992 23(10) 935-9. 

R Stemmer et al, Compression treatment for the lower extremities particularly with compression stockings , The Dermatologist, 1980 31355-363. 

Camporese G, Bemardi E, Prandoni P, Noventa F, Verlato F, KANT (Knee Arthroscopy Nadroparin Thromboprophylaxis) Study Group et al (2008) Low-molecular-weight heparin versus compression stockings for thromboprophylaxis after knee arthroscopy a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 149(2) 73-82... 

Veraat, J.C., Pronk, G. and Neuman, H. A. (1992) Pressirre differences of elastic compression stockings at the ankle region. Dermatol Surg, 23,10,935-939. Weiss, R.A. and Ramelet, A.A. (2002) Removal of blue periocular lower eyelid veins by ambulatory phlebectomy . Dermato Surg, 28,1,43-45. 

Medical textiles Recently, tubular-type knitted structure such as bandages, orthopedic supports, and medical compression stockings have been developed by three-dimensional flat bed knitting machines (Choi, 2005 Evans-Mikellis, 2012). 

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