Compression refrigeration plants

Utilities-steam, water, power, refrigeration, compressed air, fuel, waste disposal Facilities-boiler plant incinerator, wells, river intake, water treatment, cooling towers, water storage, electric substation, refrigeration plant, air plant, fuel storage, waste disposal plant, environmental controls, fire protection... 

In a large refrigeration plant it is necessary to compress a fluid, which we will assume to be an ideal gas with constant heat capacity, from a low pressure P to a much higher pressure Pj. 

Regular inspections and hydraulic tests of all pressure vessels (boilers, economisers, air receivers, compressed air systems, gas cylinders, and all pressure vessels in refrigeration plants to be carried out), and load tests for all hoists, chain pulley blocks to be carried out as per statutory requirements. 

Power-consuming systems, such as vapour compression refrigeration and vacuum distillation plant. 

Open-Cycle Operation. In many chemical processes, the product to be cooled can itself be used as the refrigerating Hquid. An example of this is in gathering plants for natural gas. Gas from the wells is cooled, usually after compression and after some of the heavier components are removed as hquid. This Hquid maybe expanded in a refrigeration cycle to further cool the compressed gas, which causes more of the heavier components to condense. Excess Hquid not used for refrigeration is drawn off as product. A typical open-cycle is shown in Figure 12. 

Other Energy Systems. Chemical plants usually require cooling water, compressed air, and fuel distribution systems. Sometimes also included are refrigeration, pressurized hot water, or specialized heat-transfer fluids such as Therrninol Hquid or condensing vapor. Each of these systems serves the process and reflabiUty is the most important characteristic. Thus a project in any of them that achieves a 10% reduction in energy cost at the expense of a 1% loss of rehabihty loses money for the operation. 

Utilities and yard services (boiler plant, refrigeration, compressed air, water supply and treatment, effluents, fire protection, yard piping, yard electrical, yard materials handling, raw and finished-product storage)... 

The raw material at this plant is natural gas supplied by the El Paso Natural Gas Company from a nearby pumping station. In each process train, gas is compressed to 850 psig, dehydrated by an adsorption method to remove 100% of the water, then passed through a refrigeration unit to lower the temperature to -60°F. A separator removes liquids upstream of the turboexpander. 

The compressors to be covered in this book are those using mechanical motion to effect the compression. These types of compressors are commonly used in the process and gas transport/distribution industries. A partial list of these industries includes chemical, petrochemical, refinery, pulp and paper, and utilities. A few typical applications are air separation, vapor extraction, refrigeration, steam recompression, process and plant air. 

During the cruise condition, the split-shaft gas turbine power plant required to produce 240 kW and 10% of the compressed air, is used in the gas refrigeration system, which is required to remove 7kW from the cabin. 

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