Compounds and their Uses

Important Compounds and their Uses Calcium (ortho)arsenate (Ca3(As04)2  

3 HjO) is an easily soluble toxic compound that was used in the past as a pesticide in agriculture. Currently, its use is illegal in Germany, but it is still allowed in some countries for cotton production (see Part IV, Chapter 6). 

Calcium carbonate (limestone) occurs in nature as calcite, aragonite, valerite, dolomite (CaCOj MgCOj), chalk and travertine. An example of past use for limestone was in Egypt for construction of the Giza Pyramids and as marble - its highly crystalline form - somewhat later by the Greeks for statues and parts of buildings. The Romans used limestone extensively for road construction. Today, limestone is the 

Direct use of limestone is important in agriculture, as many crops grow best in the pH range from 6 to 7. Thus, soils with a pH 6 benefit from limestone application. This liming helps to replace Ca and Mg removal by crops and also increases the efficiency of fertilizers (Oates 1998, McDonald and Balasko 2003). 

The thermal decomposition of limestone - which was reported by Cato in 184 bc -at about 900 °C produces calcium oxide (lime, technically called quicklime ) (CaCOj CO2 + CaO). This is an important basic step in glass and ceramics production, and quicklime in combination with clay is also a cheap essential raw material for the cement industry. For the estimated worldwide production of cement in 1994, the consumption of limestone was about 1420x10 (metric) tons. Quicklime reacts with water to calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2. Hydrated lime is a dry calcium hydroxide powder, while slaked lime is an aqueous suspension of calcium hydroxide particles in water. Both forms are the cheapest industrial alkaline chemical and are frequently used together with limestone as a neutralizer for acids, for example in flue gas desulfurization (see below) (Oates 1998). The annual global production of lime and lime compounds is estimated to exceed 300x10 tons, with highest amounts in China, followed by the USA, the former Soviet Union, Germany, Japan, Mexico and Brazil (Oates 2002). 

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F. de la Vega, International Symposium on Organobrominated Compounds and Their Uses, Mulhouse-Thann, France, October 3-6, p. 193, (1989). 

The high diversity of hexacoordinated phosphorus compounds and their use as versatile reagents are fully illustrated in Chap. 1 by S. Constant and J. Lacour. A large number of new structures are reported with applications in different fields such as classical organic chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, electrochemistry and photochemistry, thus affording a general overview of the new trends in hexacoordinated phosphorus chemistry. 

P. W. Austin. Heterocyclic thione compounds and their use as biocides. Patent EP 249328, 1987. 

K. Wall, P. W. Zard, D. J. Barclay-Miller, and D. W. Martin. Amide and imide compounds and their use as lubricant oils. Patent WO 9530643, 1995. 

Hunter, R.C. 1976. Organotin compounds and their use for insect and mite control. Environ. Health Perspect. 14 47-50. 

In the fourth and final chapter, Howard Haubenstock discusses asymmetric reduction of organic molecules. Within this general topic of wide and continuing interest, Haubenstock s chapter deals with chiral derivatives of lithium aluminum hydride, their preparation from suitable amino or hydroxy compounds, and their use in reducing carbonyl groups. Related reactions of the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley type or involving tri-alkylaluminum reagents are also presented. 

Slassi A, Van Wagenen B, Stormann TM et al (2002) Heteropolycyclic compounds and their use as metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. WO/2002/ 068417... 

Tsuji, K., Terasaka, T., Nakamura, K. (Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Ltd.) Imidazole compounds and their use as adenosine deaminase inhibitors, WO 0153271. 

The succeeding sections are divided into synthetic materials, natural products and polymers. The structures of some of the more important compounds and their uses are given. Many synthetic indoles have been shown to have diverse physiological effects, but only those relatively few compounds that achieved some clinical use are mentioned. Much the same can be said for the alkaloids. The impressively diverse coltection of indole alkaloids that have been characterized has been reviewed and tabulated, but here only those with clinical significance are mentioned (B-50MI30600, B-75MI30600, B-64MI30600). 

Figure 26-2 Some synthetic and natural aromatic compounds and their uses...

In connection with these results, and as an extension of their studies toward the reactivity of new bicyclic mesoionic compounds and their usefulness in the synthesis of condensed heterocycles, they further reported the stereoselective synthesis of spiro-(3-lactams 153, 154 (Scheme 36) by reactions of imines with mesoionic compounds or ketenes generated from A-acyl-thiozolidine-2-carboxylic acids 152 [110]. 

Byk, G., Dubertret, C., Pitard, B. and Scherman, D. (1998c) Transfecting compositions comprising DNA-binding, disulfide bond-containing compounds and their use in gene therapy. Patent Application, WO990128. 

In recent years, alloys of copper and beryllium have been found to have many useful properties (e.g., hardness, resistance to corrosion, and resistance to fatigue), and it seems probable that these alloys will become increasingly important. In addition to its uses as a metal, copper is also used to form many compounds, some of which are of considerable importance commercially. Table 11.5 gives examples of copper compounds and their uses. 

Verraest, D.L., Peters, J.A., and van Bekkum, H., Inulin Derivatives Prepared with Use of Acrylic Compounds and Their Uses, WO Patent 9634017, 1996a. 

I. Akhrem, A. Orlinkov, L. Afanaseva and M. Volpin, 2nd Int. Symp. on Chemistry of Brominated Compounds and Their Uses, Jerusalem, June 1993, p.44. 

H. G. Heller, S. N. Oliver, J. Whittall, W. Johncock, P. J. Darcy, and C. Trundle, Photochromic fused-ring organic compounds and their use in photoreactive lenses, U.K. Pat. Appl. G.B. 2146327A (1985). 

Medicaments Comprising These Compounds and Their Use H. Glombik et al, US Patent 6,992,067 (January 31, 2006) Assignee Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH Utility Treatment of Arteriosclerosis... 

Although binary carbon sulfides appear to be something of a curiosity at the moment, given their stability (especially compared to binary S-N compounds) and their usefulness in the synthesis of new organosulfur compounds and ligands that may be redox active, it is to be expected that their chemistry will develop rapidly over the next few years. 

Some of the tin consumed in the United States is used in the production of tin compounds. Some of the most important of those compounds and their uses are as follows ... 

Publications describing multinuclear NMR data for this unique class of compounds and their use as reducing agents to form metal nanoparticles have been described . Of interest are the intriguing complexes formed by incorporation of alkali meals into zeolites. In some of these complexes one electron is trapped by a tetrahedral array of sodium atoms (Nai ) . 

The two volumes of this new treatise are an outgrowth of the large increase in the number of publications and patents concerning photochromic compounds and their use in various applications (e.g., ophthalmic lenses, security printing, etc.) during the past 10 years. As a result of this increased interest, two successful International Symposia on Photochromism (ISOP) have been held ISOP-93, held in France on Les Embiez Island near Bandol (September 12-16, 1993), and ISOP-96, held in the United States in Clearwater, Florida (September 8-12, 1996). The number of countries represented at each of these symposia (17 and 16, respectively) attests to the international scope of the photochromic research community. This global interest is also exemplified by the authors of the chapters within this book. 

Patents covering these compounds and their use as growth regulants have... 

J5. A literature review on vinyllithium compounds and their use in synthetic applications is given in ref. 114... 

Fluoroquinolones as anti-bacterial compounds and their use in the therapy of tuberculosis 02MI46. 

In summary, the present volume of Structure and Bonding shows the substantial activity carried out in recent years in the held of synthesis of inorganic and organometallic rare-earth metal compounds and their use as catalysts for a number of different transformations. The future holds great promise for the rapid growth of this held of chemistry and for new spectacular results. 

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