Composition of precipitation

Fig. 18-6 Characteristic air-mass trajectory and corresponding per mil isotopic composition of precipitation, along a transect from the subtropics to a polar ice sheet. This is a highly schematic view of the true atmospheric system.

Differentiating both (B1) and (B2) shows that changes in the composition of precipitation and... 

Fig. 18-23 Observed correlation of isotopic composition of precipitation with ground temperature (gray diamonds Jouzel et ah, 1987), and predictions of simple isotopic models. A, prediction with constant a B, prediction with temperature-dependent a.

Monosacharide composition of precipitate Flap and supernatant Flas produced by partial hydrolysis of fraction Fla. 

Chemical compositions of hydrothermal solutions are summarized in Table 2.2 and chemical compositions of precipitates are presented in Table 2.3. Cl concentration of hydrothermal solutions precipitating base metals is high compared with hydrothermal solution not associated with base metal precipitations. 

Fritz P, Drimmie RJ, Frape SK, O Shea K (1987) The isotopic composition of precipitation and groundwater. In Canada International Symposium on the Use of Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development. IAEA Symposium, Vienna 299 539-550 Frumkin A, Ford DC, Schwarcz HP (1999) Continental oxygen isotopic record of the last 170,000 years in Jerasalem. (JuatRes 51 317-327... 

A compilation of studies throughout the world s mountain belts has revealed a consistent and linear relationship between change in the isotopic composition of precipitation and change in elevation (Poage and Chamberlain 2001). The isotopic composition of precipitation decreases linearly with increasing elevation by about 0.28%c/100 m in most regions of the world except in the Himalayas and at elevations above 5,000 m. 

Recharge that occurred in past periods of different climate when the isotopic composition of precipitation was different from that at present... 

Isotopic reconstruction of climatic conditions on the continents is difficult, because land ecosystems and climates exhibit great spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The most readily determined terrestrial climatic parameter is the isotopic composition of precipitation, which is in turn dependent largely but not exclusively on temperature. Relevant climatic information from meteoric precipitation is preserved in a variety of natural archives, such as (1) tree rings, (2) organic matter and (3) hydroxylbearing minerals. 

Poage MA, Chamberlain CP (2001) Empirical relationships between elevation and the stable isotope composition of precipitation and surface waters considerations for studies of paleoeleva-tion change. Am J Sci 301 1-15... 

Rindsberger MS, Jaffe S, Rahamin S, Gat JR (1990) Patterns of the isotopic composition of precipitation in time and space data from the Israeli storm water collection program. Tellus 42 263-271... 

Ayers, G. P., "The Chemical Composition of Precipitation A Southern Hemisphere Perspective, in Atmospheric Chemistry (E. D. Goldberg, Ed.), pp. 41-56, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982. 

In the simplest case, groundwater-flow rates for lakes at isotopic steady state (or those with relatively long hydraulic-residence times) can be estimated from data on average annual precipitation rates average annual evaporation rates the isotopic compositions of precipitation, lake water, and inflowing ground-water and relative humidity and lake temperature. 

Given that this revised calibration scheme together with the correction of the weighted mean calculation are nearly identical (< 150 m difference) to the previous model results all of the comparisons of the modern isotopic compositions of precipitation from other regions are effectively unchanged and hence these comparisons demonstrates that the model yields quite reasonable fits without adjustment (see Rowley et al. 2001 and Rowley and Garzione 2007). However it should always be made clear that the empirical scheme to model precipitation from condensate does not represent the microphysics of water droplet formation, coalescence,... 

An important point that needs to be emphasized is that the isotopic composition of precipitation is variable on all time scales and so the most robust comparisons should be provided by multi-year, preferably multi-decadal or longer isotopic compositions. The fact that what are essentially instantaneous random grab samples that integrate some uncertain aspect of the hydrography of each of these river systems yield any correlation between isotopic composition and hypsometry is pretty remarkable and provides some confidence in estimates based on archival records that integrate isotopic compositions on a very wide range of time scales (Rowley and Garzione 2007). 

Araguas-Araguas L, Froelich K, Rozanski K (1998) Stable isotope composition of precipitation over southeast Asia. J Geophys Res 103 28721-28742... 

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