Composite plating, additive effects

Non-carbon plates have also been tried. There are reports of using steel plates coated with conducting carbide materials but unfortunately are not cost effective and are quite heavy as well. In this connection it is safe to say that the polymer-carbon composite plates are cost effective if they are not considered for high capacity. Additionally, if the temperature of the PAFC is kept around 150°C, the life of these plates increases significantly. In view of this, it may be mentioned that the cost implication of the bipolar plates is very important for commercial success of PAFC based power plants. 

Place a drop of the acid test solution upon a spot plate, add 1 drop zinc acetate (1 %) solution and 1 drop of the reagent. The precipitated zinc tetra-thiocyanatomercurate(II) is coloured violet owing to the coprecipitation of the copper complex the composition of the precipitate is approximately Zn[Hg(SCN)4], Cu[Hg(SCN)4], The addition of copper ions to a precipitate of zinc tetrathiocyanatomercurate(II), already formed, has no effect. Sensitivity 01 pg Cu2+. Concentration limit 1 in 5 x 10s. 

This paper studies the effects of the addition of ethylene diamine to the Au-Sn plating solution reported in ref.[7]. The changes in the composition and microstructure of the Au-Sn solder coating produced by pulsed current electrodeposition are noted. The electroplating solution developed for the co-deposition of Au and Sn is slightly acidic so that it can be used in conjunction with alkaline-developable photoresists. 

In the 5 years that followed (1965-70), three additional producers—American Potash, National Lead, and Pittsburgh Plate Glass—opened chloride-process plants. Sales of composite titanium calcium-base pigments continued to drop, as they had done over the previous 5 years in which Du Pont had ceased to produce them. This was due primarily to their adverse effect upon the stability of latex systems and the rapid replacement of alkyd and oleoresinous flat wall paints by flat latex paints. Two so-called "maximum-durability" pigments were introduced during this period—one by Du Pont and the other by National Lead. These pigments, although produced by different methods, both essentially eliminated the photochemical reactivity of the base titanium dioxide. 

In addition to the practical signiflcance of being ablb to calculate the number of plates required for a continuous reactor, other important information can be obtained from the method. (1) Attainment of mass-action equilibrium is not necessary in addition, long contact times, obtained by large holdup volumes and numerous plates, are not necessary to obtain high over-all conversions. (2) Similar calculations show that, for a given plate and composition, the rate of reaction increases with the reflux ratio. (3) The effects of catalyst concentration, whether alcohol and acid should be added separately, or mixed, the temperature of the feed, etc., may be evaluated. 

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