Compositae, alkaloids

Quinolizidine alkaloids (lupine alkaloids) occur in the family Leguminosae, especially the subfamily Papilionaceae. They are also found in some species of other families such as Chenopodiaceae, Berberidaceae, Papaveraceae, Nymphaeaceae, Ranunculaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Compositae, Rubiaceae, Monimiaceae, Ericaceae, and Adociidae. 

Pyrrolizidine (1) and its derivatives have attracted the attention of chemists during the last two or three decades because this bicyclic system occurs in a number of alkaloids from various families of Compositae, Boraginaceae, Leguminosae, etc. Structural analysis of these substances, study of their reactions, and attempted syntheses have afforded considerable information concerning the chemistry of this class of compounds. Although the field has been covered by a... 

Alkaloids are known in a few members of the family. Tests on 45 samples which included 37 species resulted in three positives in plants known to be alkaloidal (Dioscorea dumetorum, D. hispida, D. alaia) and in two of 13 other unidentified Dioscorea species. The remainder were negative Dioscorea abyssinica, D. alata, D. batatas, D. bucha-nanii, D. bulbifera, D. composita, D. cotinifolia, D. doryophora, D. dregeana, D. esculenla, D. hemicrypta, D. hirtiflora, D. mexicana, D. pentaphylla, D. quartiniana, D. retusa, D. sylvatica, D. trifida, Tamus edulis. 

Diterpenoid alkaloids have been isolated from the genera of the families Ranunculaceae (Aconitum, Consolida, Delphinium, Thalictrum), Garryaceae (Garraya), Rosaceae (Spiraea), and Compositae (Inula). These alkaloids can be divided into two broad categories norditerpenoid alkaloids (based on a C -skeleton) and the diterpenoid alkaloids (based on a Cft-skeleton).1 The chemistry of the diterpenoid alkaloids has been reviewed in earlier literature. ... 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids have a wide distribution, but are characteristic of certain genera of the Boraginaceae (e.g. Heliotropium, Cynoglossum, and Symphytum), the Compositae/Asteraceae (e.g. Senecio) and the Leguminosae/Fabaceae (e.g. Crotalaria). The pyrrolizidine bases rarely occur in the free form, but are generally found as esters with rare mono- or di-basic acids, the necic acids. Thus, senecionine (Figure 6.18) from Senecio species is a diester of retronecine with senecic acid. Inspection of the ten-carbon skeleton... 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are included in a list of alkaloids that have been isolated from the Compositae.23 All reports this year are concerned with the tribe Sene-cioneae. Definite identification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from two new genera,... 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are a large family of similar chemicals found in over 6,000 different species of plants in the Leguminosae, Compositae, and Boraginacae families. For example, plants of the Senecio, Heliotropium, and Crotolaria species, many of which occur as weeds throughout the world, produce these alkaloids. About half of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids have... 

Zhao, X., Chan, M., and Ogle, C. 1989. The identification of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants—a study on 20 herbs of the Compositae family. Am. J. Chin. Med. 17, 71-78. 

The tea consumed by these four women was analyzed using spectrophotometry after reaction with Ehrlich s reagent revealed unsaturated PAs that were determined to be senecionine and the corresponding TV-oxide in concentrations of 0.42 mg/g and 1.4 mg/g, respectively. The leaves were determined to be from the family Compositae, to which coltsfoot belongs, although their exact identity could not be determined because of their chopped condition. Cumulative doses of these alkaloids were calculated to be 1350 mg over 45 d for one patient, 1380 mg over 46 d for the patient who died, 570 mg over 19 d for another patient, and 630 mg over 21 d for the patient with the mildest symptoms. The cumulative dose was 15 mg/kg in the patient who exhibited mild symptoms, while the mean cumulative dose was 18 mg/kg in the other three patients. 

Rosmarinine (54) was isolated from S. rosmarinifolius Linn (Compositae family) and upon hydrolysis afforded the necine base (-)-rosmarinecine (20) biosynthesis of 20 is well understood. The X-ray crystal structure of rosmarinine has been reported. The necine portion of 54 has been found in other pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as neorosmarinine (55), petitianine (56), angularine (58) and 12-<9-acetylrosmarinine (59)." In... 

Syneilesine (12) from Syneilesis palmata (family Compositae) is an ester of otonecine with a new Cw necic acid belonging to the senecic acid biogenetic class. The diester nature of the alkaloid was revealed by i.r. maxima at 1735 and 1720 cm and by signals in the Cn.m.r. spectrum at 171.4 and 176.7 p.p.m. Alkaline hydrolysis gave three lactones designated as syneilesinolides-A (13), B... 

Senecio. Golden ragwort squaw weed life root. Dried plant of Senecio aureus L., Compositae. Habit. Can -ada and Eastern U.S. Constit. The alkaloids, senecifoline,... 

S. Picnomon ocama L. Cass. Compositae Gte blossoms + alkaloids 145... 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Compositae and Boraginaceae species... 

There are numerous plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and they mainly belong to the Boraginaceae, Compositae and Leguminosae families [31,47, 48],... 

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