Complex systems sample holders

Interfaciai Tension Procedure. IFT measurements were made by the Wilhelmy plate method. The apparatus was the same as that described previously (2). A standard protocol was followed for all IFT determinations. The desired interface was formed at a specified temperature by partially filling a thermostatted sample holder with the desired aqueous phase. This phase, distilled water (mono triple) or a supernatant aqueous phase isolated from a complex coacervate system, completely covered the Wilhelmy plate (roughened platinum). The desired citrus oil was carefully layered onto the aqueous phase. It had been preheated (or cooled) to the same temperature as the aqueous phase. Once the citrus oil/aqueous phase interface was formed, the Wilhelmy plate was drawn completely through the interface and into the oil phase where it was zeroed. 

Depending on the heating and cooling rates and the nature of the surfaces of the sample holder, various mesophase sequences can be obtained. Thus, the kinetics of the self-assembling processes are affecting the selforganization processes into condensed phases, because of this the phase transitions are no longer reversible and are subject to experimental history. Such effects are seen with a variety of complex molecular systems that are mesomorphic. 

The cross-axis CPC (coil planet centrifuge), with column holders at the off-center position on the rotary shaft, enables retention of the stationary phase of aqueous-aqueous polymer-phase systems such as PEG 1000-potassium phosphate and PEG 8000-dex-tran T500 [3,4], Since the last decade, various types of cross-axis CPC (types XL, XLL, XLLL, and L) have been developed for performing CCC with highly viscous aqueous polymer-phase systems. The separation and purification of protein samples, including lactic acid dehydrogenase [5], recombinant enzymes, profiUn-actin complex, and so on, were achieved using these cross-axis CPCs [6]. 

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