Hydrophobic complex

Most hydrated metal ions are more soluble in water than in ILs. The distribution ratios of some metal ions between aqueous and IL phases may be enhanced in the presence of coordinating anions, such as halides or pseudohalides, capable of modifying the metal complex hydrophobicity, increasing partitioning from water [41]. 

The values of A,max for Chi a in vivo result from interactions between a chlorophyll molecule and the surrounding molecules, such as the proteins and the lipids in the chloroplast lamellar membranes (Fig. 1-10) as well as adjacent water molecules. Indeed, all Chi a molecules are associated with proteins in chlorophyll-protein complexes. Hydrophobic interactions among... 

Usually bi- or multi-dimension separations must be run individually since they utilize different physico-chemical separation principles and differ greatly in selectivity. Ion-pairing and electrophoretic mobility provide two compatible separation models that may be run simultaneously in the same single separation device to achieve a bi-dimensional technique. Since they are respectively based on the complex hydrophobicity and on the analyte change, experiments demonstrated that ion-pairing... 

Many dmgs are surface active and form small micelles in aqueous solution. For these and other amphiphiles with more complex hydrophobic regions, the effect of substituents on hydrophobicity can be roughly estimated from Table 5.4 (section 5.2.1). in the series of micellar diphenylmethane dmgs shown in Table 6.3 there is an increased hydrophobicity (as evidenced by a decrease in cmc and increase in aggregation number) following the introduction of —CHj, —Br and —Cl substituents to the hydrophobic ring systems. 

A group of antibiotics (e.g., valinomycin, nigericin, and gramicidin A) transport cations across the cell membrane. Such agents, known as ionophores, are widely used to probe membrane structure and function. Ionophores uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Valinomycin, a cyclic peptide (Figure 14-17), forms a lipid-soluble complex with K+ that readily passes through the inner membrane, whereas K+ by itself does not. In the valinomycin-K complex, hydrophobic groups, present on the outside, facilitate transport of the complex in the lipid environment ... 

All coordinated water molecules are displaced by neutral solvating donor ligands, S, to render the complex hydrophobic and... 

These molecules can be described as composed of two parts of different behavior with respect to the solvent in which they are dissolved. While one of them is generally a hydrocarbon chain with alkyl or even more complex hydrophobic character, the other has a more defined behavior containing one or more hydrophilic group, ionic or nonionic, which can be specifically tailored in order to show suitable properties. This so-called amphiphilic character is the key feature for their such wide exploitation. 

It was elegantly demonstrated that the rate of water exchange at the Ln is dependent on the nature and composition of the isomers of a given complex [188,194], The water exchange rate also depends on the extent of second sphere hydration which is determined by complex hydrophobicity and the nature of... 

A 12-cationic caging ligand 483 (see Sect. 4.1.1) is described in [1] to encapsulate adamantylcar-boxylate anions to give a host-guest 1 4 cage complex by Scheme 4.57. In this complex, hydrophobic carbocyclic fragments of the caged anionic species are located within the cavity of... 

Unlike the oxalato-complex, this complex is insoluble in water but it is soluble in organic solvents. This contrast is due to the organic ligands surrounding Al which makes the complex hydrophobic. On the other hand, the polar oxalate ligands surrounding Al in the oxalato-complex explain the hydrophilic nature of the solid. 

Specific forces maintaining enzymes native structure and providing its interactions with substrates and inhibitors are similar to those we meet in chemistry. They are covalent bonds, ionic (electrostatic) interactions, ion-dipoles and dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds, charge transfer complexes, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals Forces. 

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