Compensation electric effect

The determination of Eg, values by OCP can also be complicated by materials that have a high density of defect sites which can serve as recombination centers. If the sample has a high carrier recombination rate (again due to material defects), then this effect prevents the creation of a compensating electric field, and hence higher light intensities are required to achieve flat-band conditions. However, if the lamp is not sufiiciently intense, it may not be possible to completely flatten the... 

Finally, a module simulation including electrical models of the SMDs, embedded components, wiring, and the module interface (e.g., solder bumps) helps to find out possible problems due to parasitic cross-coupling effects [63]. The internal elements can be modified to compensate these effects. It might be even necessary to increase the distance between components or to change their physical dimension. Process or material tolerances are used to assess repeatability and manufacturability (Figure 9.68). 

The heat released from a sample during a process flows into the calorimeter and would cause a temperature change of the latter as a measuring effect this thermal effect is continuously suppressed by compensating the respective heat flow. The methods of compensation include the use of latent heat caused by a phase transition, thermoelectric effects, heats of chemical reactions, a change in the pressure of an ideal gas (Ter Minassian and Million, 1983), and heat exchange with a liquid (Regenass, 1977). Because the last three methods are confined to special cases, only the compensation by a physical heat of transition and by electric effects are briefly discussed here. 

The behavior of a polar dielectric in an electric field is of the same kind. If the dielectric, is exposed to an external electric field of intensity X, and this field is reduced in intensify by an amount SX, the temperature of the dielectric will not remain constant, unless a certain amount of heat enters the substance from outside, to compensate for the cooling which would otherwise occur. Alternatively, when the field is increased in intensity by an amount SX, we have the converse effect. In ionic solutions these effects are vciy important in any process which involves a change in the intensity of the ionic fields to which the solvent is exposed—that is to say, in almost all ionic processes. When, for example, ions are removed from a dilute solution, the portion of the solvent which was adjacent to each ion becomes free and no longer subject to the intense electric field of the ion. In the solution there is, therefore, for each ion removed, a cooling effect of the kind mentioned above. If the tempera-... 

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