Comparisons of the metabolism

Edwards VT, Jones BC, Hutson DH. 1986. A comparison of the metabolic fate of phenol, phenyl glucoside and phenyl 6-O-malonyl-glucoside in the rat. Xenobiotica 16 801-807. 

Fig. 10.16. Comparison of the metabolism of A4-valproic acid (10.54), a metabolite of valproic acid, with that of ethyl A4-valproate (10.57), a synthetic analogue. Both compounds undergo cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxygenation to form the corresponding epoxides (10.55 and 10.58, respectively). The former reacts intramolecularly to form the lactone 10.56 and is not detectably a substrate for epoxide hydrolase. Epoxide 10.58, in contrast, is a substrate for epoxide hydrolase, forming the diol 10.59, which, in turn, carries out an intramolecular nucleophilic attack to form lactone 10.56 [136],...

L. Grislain, M. T. Mocquard, J. F. Dabe, M. Bertrand, W. Luijten, B. Marchand, G. Res-plandy, M. Devissaguet, Interspecies Comparison of the Metabolic Pathways of Perin-dopril, a New Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor , Xenobiotica 1990, 20, 787 - 800. 

Khan MA, St Peter JV, Xue JL. A prospective, randomized comparison of the metabolic effects of pioglitazone or rosigli-tazone in patients with type 2 diabetes who were previously treated with troglitazone. Diabetes Care 2002 25(4) 708-11. 

Notarianni LJ, Oliver SE, Dobrocky P, et al. Caffeine as a metabolic probe a comparison of the metabolic ratios used to assess CYP1A2 activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995 39 65 69. 

The intravenous administration ensures a complete absorption and is therefore often the favored route of dosing in this type of study. However, metabolism, distribution and excretion may change with the route of administration and might impact the results of a bile fistula study. Thus, it has to be considered which route of administration16 has to be chosen. The comparison of the metabolic pattern in plasma or even in feces after different routes of administration may support this decision. 

In a comparison of the metabolic activation of dimethylnitrosamine by liver, lung, and kidney microsomes from male and female C57BL/6J mice, the existence of a sex difference in DMNA activation with kidney microsomes was demonstrated in that the female mice could not metabolize DMNA to a mutagen. 71 Similar sex differences were not observed in studies with Sprague-Dawley or Fischer rats. 

AA Levin, JG Dent. Comparison of the metabolism of nitrobenzene by hepatic microsomes and cecal microflora from Fischer-344 rats in vitro and the relative importance of each in vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 10(5) 450M54,1982. 

F igure 15.4. Comparison of the metabolism of metoprolol (3) with that of the soft drugs (8)designed starting from one of its inactive metabolites (7).The dashed line in structures (8)and (9)denotesthe possibility of having either isopropyl- or iert-butyl-substituted amines. 

Bieder A, Decouvelaere B, GaUlard C, Deparre H, Heusse D, Ledoux C, Lemar M, J P, Raynaud L, Snozzi C. Comparison of the metabolism of oltipraz in the mouse, rat and monkey and in man. Distribution of the metabolites in each species. Arzneimittelforschung 1983 33 1289-1297. 

Comparison of the metabolic profiles of benzo(a)pyrene obtained from primary cell cultures and subcellular fractions derived from normal and methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver. Cancer Letters 5 81-89. 

Weingarten, H.P., Chang, P.K., and McDonald, T.J. 1985. Comparison of the metabolic and behavioral disturbances following paraventricular- and ventromedial-hypothalamic lesions. Brain Res. Bull. 14, 551-559. 

Carlson GP (1973) Comparison of the metabolism of parathion by lobsters and rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 9 296-300... 

Battey, J.F. and Ohlrogge, J.B. (1989) A comparison of the metabolic fate of fatty acids of different chain lengths in developing oilseeds. Plant Physiol. 90, 835-840. 

An important approach to the location of the sites of action of estrogens has been through the comparison of the metabolism of preparations of target tissues removed from control animals with those taken from animals pretreated with physiological doses of estrogens. 

J. McCann and B. N. Ames, Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/ microsome test Assay of 300 chemicals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 5135-5139 (1975). I. Schmeltz, J. Tosk, and G. M. Williams, Comparison of the metabolic profiles of benzo(a)pyrene obtained from primary cell cultures and subcellular fractions derived from normal and methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver. Cancer Lett. 5, 81-89, (1978). 

Fig. 2 Comparison of the metabolic activities of the young rat s fat cell during fasting and after eating.

Cantrill, RC, Huang, YS, EUs, GW and Horrohin, DF (1993) Comparison of the metabolism of a-linolenic acid and its A desaturation produce stearidonic acid, in cultured NIH-3T3 cells. Lipids, 28, 163-166. 

A comparison of the metabolisms of natural ecosystems with that of industrial systems as they are commonly encoimtered shows a marked contrast. These contrasts are highlighted in Table 19.1. 

The decomposition of benzene and naphthalene and its homologues by microorganisms has already been discussed earlier. The metabolizing mechanisms of naphthalenes in fish have been well studied [47, 49]. Decomposition products of chlorobenzene in daphnia, mosquitos, snails and fishes are the polar compounds chlorophenol and chloro-o-dihydroxybenzene amongst other compounds, those of nitrobenzene aniline, acetanilide, aminophenols and nitrophenols and those of hexachlorobenzene pentachlorophenol and unknown compounds [71]. Bromoben-zene is deactivated to the toxic bromophenol [217]. In the case of man and land mammals, studies have concentrated on the metabolism of benzene, toluene, xylenes and styrene, which are also significant in occupational medicine [12, 13, 136, 195, 196, 215-217], A comparison of the metabolism of benzene into phenol in various animal species with the aid of microsomal preparations of the lungs or liver yielded vast differences. However, it is possible for benzene, in part, to inhibit or prevent its own metabolism [218]. 

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