Community ecotoxicology

Keywords Community ecotoxicology, Fluvial biofilm. Metal pollution. Nutrients,... 

Clements WH, Newman MC (2002) In Newman MC (ed) Community ecotoxicology, hierarchical ecotoxicology series. Wiley, New York, p 336... 

ECOTOxicoLOGY The study of toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on living organisms as well as human beings, especially on populations and communities within defined ecosystems. 

Biofilms and Metals A Community Level Ecotoxicology Approach. 44... 

Ecotoxicology deals with the study of the harmful effects of chemicals in ecosystems. This includes harmful effects upon individuals, although the ultimate concern is about how these are translated into changes at the levels of population, commnnity, and ecosystem. Thns, in the conclnding sections of the chapter, emphasis will move from the distribntion and environmental concentrations of pollutants to conseqnent effects at the levels of the individnal, population, community, and ecosystem. The relationship between environmental exposure (dose) and harmful effect (response) is fundamentally important here, and full consideration will be given to the concept of biomarkers, which is based on this relationship and which can provide the means of relating environmental levels of chemicals to consequent effects npon individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. 

Ecotoxicology is primarily concerned with effects of chemicals on populations, communities, and ecosystems, but the trouble is that field studies are expensive and difficult to perform and can only be employed to a limited extent. In the main, environmental risk assessment of pesticides and certain other chemicals has to be... 

Kedwards, T.J., Maund, S.J., and Chapman, PE. (1999a and 1999b). Community level analysis of ecotoxicological field studies 1 Biological Monitoring and 11 Replicated design studies. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 149-157 and 158-166. 

Evers DC, Burgess N, Major A, Champoux L, Goodale W, Taylor R. 2005. Patterns of mercury exposure in the avian community of northeastern North America. Ecotoxicology 14 193-221. 

According to the Directive, an active substance cannot be used in a PPP unless it is included in an EU positive list. The Directive also requires very extensive risk assessments for effects on health and environment to be carried out, before a PPP can be placed on the market and used. In 1992, the European Commission started a Community-wide review process for aU active substances used in PPPs within the EU. Based on scientific assessments, each applicant had to prove that a substance could be used safely regarding human health, the environment, ecotoxicology and residues in the food chain. This program will be completed by 2008. From the end of 2003, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) deals with risk assessment issues and the European Commission retains the risk... 

Ecotoxicology is a natural extension of toxicology that studies the fate and effects of toxic substances on an ecosystem. It is based on scientiflc research that employs both laboratory and held methods. Ecotoxicology requires an understanding of ecologic principles and theories pertaining to how chemicals can affect individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. Individuals are single entities, whereas a... 

Jiang, Y, Kuo, C.-L., Pemecky, S.J. Piper, W.N. (1998) The detection of cytochrome P450 2E1 and its catalytic activity in rat testis. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 246, 578-583 Jori, A., Calamari, D., Cattabeni, F., Di Domenico, A., Galli, C.L., Galli, E. Silano, V. (1983) Ecotoxicological profile of pyridine. Ecotoxicol. environ. Saf, 7, 251-275 Junk, G. Ford, C. (1980) A review of organic emissions from selected combustion processes. Chemosphere, 9, 187-230... 

Jak, R.G., Maas, J.L. and Scholten, M.C.T. (1998) Ecotoxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline in enclosed freshwater plankton communities at different nutrient levels, Ecotoxicology 7 (1), 49-60. 

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