Comminution vegetation

Sauces use many of the same basic ingredients as soups process flavors (meaty notes), comminuted vegetables or extracts, thickening agents (e.g., starches, flour, gelatin, and hydrocolloides), ground spices or derivatives thereof (e.g., essential oils... 

Although SPME was applied initially for the analysis of relatively volatile environmental pollutants in waters, rapid developments have enabled SPME to be successfully applied for the analysis of pesticides in water, wine and more complex food samples such as honey, fruit juice and pears, vegetables and strawberries. With food samples, most analysts recognize the need for some sample pretreatment in order to minimize matrix effects. The matrix can affect the SPME efficiency, resulting in a reduced recovery of pesticides. The most common method is simply to dilute the sample or sample extract with water. Simpltcio and Boas comminuted pears in water prior to the determination of pesticides. Volante et al. extracted over 100 pesticides... 

Textured Soy Proteins. Textured vegetable proteins, primarily textured flours and concentrates (50% protein and 70% protein, dry basis, respectfully) are widely used in the processed meat industry to provide meat-like structure and reduce ingredient costs (3-6, 9-10). Available in a variety of sizes, shapes, colored or uncolored, flavored or unflavored, fortified or unfortified, textured soy proteins can resemble any basic meat ingredient. Beef, pork, seafood and poultry applications are possible 03, 4-7, 15, 19) Proper protein selection and hydration is critical to achieving superior finished product quality. Textured proteins have virtually no solubility and, thus, no ability to penetrate into whole muscle tissue Therefore, textured soy proteins are inherently restricted to coarse ground (e.g. sausage) or fine emulsion (e.g. weiners and bologna) products, and comminuted and reformed (i.e. restructured) meat products. None are used in whole muscle absorption or injection applications (2-4, 6, 11). 

Despite their insubstantial nature, plant materials are also subject to contamination by sample containers and milling equipment. Paper sample bags may act as sources of contamination including boron (Standing Committee of Analysts 1986). Normally, vegetation is comminuted in high shear cyclone mills or blenders fitted with stainless steel or titanium-coated blades. As with other more resistant materials the amount of contamination from the mill can be related to the abrasiveness of the sample (Allan etal. 1999). 

Aphids are small, soft bodied, pear-shaped insects either with or without wings, with oval flat abdomens, and inconspicuous heads. They infest raw agricultural fiiiits and vegetables, particularly leafy vegetables. They are so small that they seldom break apart in unprocessed foods, but can fragment in comminuted products. Compared to mites and thrips, these are black and easily spotted. Aphids and some parts are shown in Figures E50-3 through E50-7. 

Protein beverages Comminuted meat products Soups, sauces and gravies Hydrolyzed vegetable proteins... 

The United States regulation, approved under United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 173, section 173.325 (2006), permits a range of ASC solutions of 500-1200 mg sodium chlorite/l at a pH of 2.3-2.9 for food use for poultry meats, red meats, processed, comminuted or formed meat products, intact fruits and vegetables and processed fruit and vegetables, as well as in water and ice that are used to rinse, wash, transport or store seafood at 50 mg sodium chlorite/l (United States Food and Drug Administration, 2006). 

A number of studies have been conducted to determine residual levels of chlorite and chlorate following treatment with ASC solutions applied under different conditions for the following food categories that are proposed to be treated by the processing aid poultry carcass, chicken breast, red meat (steak, processed, comminuted orformed), seafood and freshwater fish (fresh salmon, catfish, scallops and shrimps) and fruits and vegetables (whole apple, orange, strawberries, carrot and cucumber, lettuce) (Ecolab Inc., 2006). 

Most of the defatted toasted soya flour (50 % protein) produced is used as a high-protein supplement for animal feed, but increasing quantities are finding outlets in human food preparations. Texturised vegetable protein, for example, can be produced by extruding a heated slurry of soya flour. The dry open-textured particulate material obtained can be used directly as an extender in comminuted meat products alternatively, further processing can be undertaken to yield material with increased functionality and a higher content of protein. 

---