Glass fibers commercial applications

The inclusion of the relatively large chlorine into the polymeric chain reduces the tendency to crystallize. Commercially available grades include a homopolymer, which is mainly used for special applications, and copolymers with small amounts (less than 5%) of vinylidene fluoride [84]. The products are supplied as powder, pellets, pellets containing 15% glass fiber, and dispersions. Low-molecular-weight polymer is available as oil or grease. The oil is used to plasticize PCTFE [85]. 

A typical extraction sequence is similar to the traditional SPE, although 500 pL of the appropriate solvent is sufficient for disk conditioning and extraction of the analytes. Several types of disk extraction media are commercially available in different dimensions depending on the application and sample volume. The most prevalent are paper-based, membrane-based, glass fiber-based, and PTFE-based products. Commercially available products are Speediscs by Baker, Empore by 3M, Novo Clean by Alltech, and SPEC by Ansys Technol. 

A sequential two-step immunoassay for FT4 was first introduced commercially in 1979. Subsequently, a number of manual and automated procedures have become available for FT4 and FT3. The earliest kit methods used radioactive labels and antibody-coated tubes or microbeads, but automated systems are now available that use nonisotopic tracers and a variety of sofid-phase formats. One two-step FT4 method involves the application of serum to glass-fiber... 

Chemically modified cellulose in the form of cellulose nitrate or nitrocellulose was made and tested for commercial applications in Britain in the 1855-1860 period without much success. The discovery by Hyatt, in 1863, that cellulose nitrate could be plasticized with camphor to give moldability to the blend, made this material much more useful. By 1870, celluloid (plasticized cellulose nitrate) was being produced into a variety of commercial products such as billiard balls, decorative boxes, and combs. Nitrocellulose was also soluble in organic solvents, unlike cellulose, and so could be applied to surfaces in solution to form a coating, as in airplane dopes and automobile lacquers. It could also be solution spun into fibers (synthetic silk) and formed into photographic film, or used as a laminating layer in early auto safety glass. It was also used as an explosive. The hazard introduced to many of these uses of nitrocellulose by its extremely flammable nature resulted in an interest to discover other cellulose derivatives that could still be easily formed, like nitrocellulose, but without its extreme fire hazard. 

Table 4 compares the mechanical properties of various organic fibers, graphite/carbon fibers, ceramic fibers, and glass fibers, and lists commercially important applications. One major application of organic fibers, such as Spectra and aramid fibers, is in ballistic In contrast, graphite, ceramic fibers, and glass fibers are primarily used in structural applications. One of the reasons that organic fibers find little... 

Numerous examples of possible packing materials that allow bacterial immobilization exist, examples include both natural materials as soil [105], lava rock [18,50], expanded clay [94,97], sand [95,98], natural fibers [102] and aquifer material [106] and synthetic materials as perlite [53,107,108], granular activated carbon (GAC) [26,38,100,101], glass beads or rings [96] and polypropylene [18,107], apart from many commercial applications. 

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