Commensurability

Fig. XVII-18. Contours of constant adsorption energy for a krypton atom over the basal plane of graphite. The carbon atoms are at the centers of the dotted triangular regions. The rhombuses show the unit cells for the graphite lattice and for the commensurate adatom lattice. (From Ref. 8. Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society, copyright 1993.)...

Schwartz D K, Viswanathan R and Zasadzinski JAN 1993 Commensurate defect superstructures in a Langmuir-Blodgett film Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 1267... 

The balance between these different types of bonds has a strong bearing on the resulting ordering or disordering of the surface. For adsorbates, the relative strength of adsorbate-substrate and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions is particularly important. Wlien adsorbate-substrate interactions dominate, well ordered overlayer structures are induced that are arranged in a superlattice, i.e. a periodicity which is closely related to that of the substrate lattice one then speaks of commensurate overlayers. This results from the tendency for each adsorbate to seek out the same type of adsorption site on the surface, which means that all adsorbates attempt to bond in the same maimer to substrate atoms. 

A superlattice is temied commensurate when all matrix elements uij j are integers. If at least one matrix element uij j is an irrational number (not a ratio of integers), then the superlattice is temied incommensurate. A superlattice can be inconnnensiirate in one surface dimension, while commensurate in the other surface dimension, or it could be mconmiensurate in both surface dimensions. 

J. Wisdom. The origin of the Kirkwood gaps A mapping for asteroidal motion near the 3/1 commensurability. Astr. J., 87 577-593, 1982. 

Wisdom, J. The Origin of the Kirkwood Gaps A Mapping for Asteroidal Motion Near the 3/1 Commensurability. Astron. J. 87 (1982) 577-593 Tuckerman, M., Martyna, G. J., Berne, J. Reversible Multiple Time Scale Molecular Dynamics. J. Chem. Phys. 97 (1992) 1990-2001 Tuckerman, M., Berne, J. Vibrational Relaxation in Simple Fluids Comparison of Theory and Simulation. J. Chem. Phys. 98 (1993) 7301-7318 Humphreys, D. D., Friesner, R. A., Berne, B. J. A Multiple-Time Step Molecular Dynamics Algorithm for Macromolecules. J. Chem. Phys. 98 (1994) 6885-6892... 

Domestic petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas Hquids production has declined at a rate commensurate with the decrease in reserves (see Table 2). Consequently, the reserves/production ratio, expressed in years, remained relatively constant from about 1970 through 1992, at 9—11 years (16). Much of the production in the early 1990s is the result of enhanced oil recovery techniques water flooding, steam flooding, CO2 injection, and natural gas reinjection. 

Novelty searches are not necessarily limited to patent information. The anticipation of a purportedly novel idea can occur in journals, books, magazines, etc. Thus, the potential scope for a novelty search is essentially infinite, and one of the challenges to the searcher is to devise an effective strategy whose cost is commensurate with the potential value of the invention. 

The Department of Transportation requires labelling of aH shipments of amines commensurate with the associated hazards. Amine shipments are regulated by the Coast Guard, the DOT, and the International Air Transport Association. AHphatic amines are stored satisfactorily ia carboa steel and stainless steel, but are corrosive to copper, alumiaum, ziac, and their aHoys. 

Flame spraying is no longer the most widely used melt-spraying process. In the power-feed method, powders of relatively uniform size (<44 fim (325 mesh)) are fed at a controlled rate into the flame. The torch, which can be held by hand, is aimed a few cm from the surface. The particles remain in the flame envelope until impingement. Particle velocity is typically 46 m/s, and the particles become at least partially molten. Upon impingement, the particles cool rapidly and soHdify to form a relatively porous, but coherent, polycrystalline layer. In the rod-feed system, the flame impinges on the tip of a rod made of the material to be sprayed. As the rod becomes molten, droplets of material leave the rod with the flame. The rod is fed into the flame at a rate commensurate with melt removal. The torch is held at a distance of ca 8 cm from the object to be coated particle velocities are ca 185 m/s. 

Bromothiophene is produced in Europe by Solvay and SCL, at up to 50 metric tons per year, with a 98%-pure specification and prices commensurate with production levels. 3-Bromothiophene is stiU a specialty product as of the mid-1990s, produced in multipurpose plant by SCL in hundreds of kilos per year, but at this level of market demand and also on account of the complexity of the synthesis, it commands a relatively high price. 

With cobalt historically being approximately twice the cost of nickel, cobalt-base alloys for both high temperature and corrosion service tend to be much more expensive than competitive alloys. In some cases of severe service their performance iacrease is, however, commensurate with the cost iacrease and they are a cost-effective choice. For hardfaciag or wear apphcations, cobalt alloys typically compete with iron-base alloys and are at a significant cost disadvantage. 

The speed control operates the governing valve to maintain steam flow commensurate with load demand while holding speed essentially constant. For sudden load changes there will be a short-time overshoot, and a special case is the instantaneous loss of load, load dump at full load. The usual specification states that the overshoot on load dump must not exceed 9 to 10 percent of rated speed. The settled speed rise will of course be equal to the regulation, 4 or 6 percent for a NEMA Class C or B governor and less than I percent for Class D. 

If the random errors are higher than can be tolerated to meet the goals of the test, the errors can be compensated for with rephcate measurements and a commensurate increase in the laboratory resources. Measurement bias can be identified through submission and analysis of known samples. Establishing and justifying the precision and accuracy reqrtired by the laboratory is a necessary part of estabhshing confidence. 

It is shown that metrological characteristics of the suggested methods are commensurable. Dissolved gas is pushed away by front of crystallization, takes the air and does not influence on the obtained results during the analysis of the water. Process is carried out at the lower temperature (-15°C), expelling chemical transformations of ingredients. The procedure was tested on different samples of natural and drinking water of the Kharkov region. 

A toller may need to use resources outside their company to measure physical properties, conduct safety or other testing, engineer changes to piping or other facilities and equipment. This need frequently occurs for products in the initial development or commercialization stage. The toller should maintain confidentiality agreements with their suppliers and subcontractors commensurate with the proprietary nature of their client companies processes. Provision to allow disclosure of information to third parties should be addressed in the contract between the toller and the client. It may be structured so that the client must approve the toller s release of information to third parties. 

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