Column. Carrier gas

No. Material Column Carrier gas Detection Parameter Reference... 

Reference Number Column Carrier Gas Column Temp., °C Detector... 

Figure 3.14 A katharometer. A constant voltage is applied to the detector filaments and the resulting current produces a heating effect. In the reference column (carrier gas only), because the heat losses from the filament are constant, its resistance will also be constant. The heat loss from the test filament will, however, vary with the gas composition and the resulting changes in resistance can be monitored.

Although HETP is a useful concept, it is an empirical factor. Since plate theory does not explain the mechanism that determines these factors, we must use a more sophisticated approach, the rate theory, to explain chromatographic behavior. Rate theory is based on such parameters as rate of mass transfer between stationary and mobile phases, diffusion rate of solute along the column, carrier gas flowrate, and the hydrodynamics of the mobile phase. 

Gas chromatography has frequently been used for the analysis to tolbutamide. The type of column carrier gas and other experimental conditions are listed in Table II. 

Drug Source Phase and Column Carrier gas Temperature (°C) Derivative used Detector Internal Standard Ref. 

Source Column Carrier gas Flow rate Temp. Detection Ref... 

Material/dosage form Column Carrier gas Temp. ( C) Detector Internal standard Reference... 

Short capillary column Carrier gas flow-rate Make-up gas flow-rate Fuel gas flow-rate Temperature programme Injection volume... 

Carle 400 GC mol. sieve 5 A stainless steel column (1.1 m X 0.32 cm outside diameter) carrier gas, helium 60/80 mol. sieve 5 A column carrier gas, argon PoraPack Q 50/80 column carrier gas, helium PE Sigm 3B GC Carbosieve SII steel column (1 m)... 

FIGURE 9.13 Gas chromatograms of (a) primary amines and (b) secondary amines, BSC derivatives on a 12 m X 0.2 mm i.d. U-1 fused silica column, carrier gas helium 2 ml/min, oven programmed from 70 to 300°C at 10°C with MS detection. Peaks 1. methylamine 2. ethylamine 3. /t-butylamine 4. propylamine 5. isobutylamine 6. n-butylamine 7. isopentylamine 8. pentylamine 9. hexylamine 10. phenethyl-amine 11. dimethylamine 12. methylethylamine 13. diethylamine 14. ethylpropylamine 15. dipropylamine 16. pyrrolidine 17. morpholine 18. piperidine 19. dibutylamine 20. methylbenzylamine. (Reproduced with permission from Pfundstein, B., Tricker, A. R., and Preussmann, R. J. Chromatogr., 539, 141-148, 1991. Copyright 1991, Elsevier Science.)... 

Figure 5.1 (c) On (i) polar and (ii) non-polar capillary WCOT columns illustrating like attracts like polar/non-polar retention properties and two column analysis to confirm components present. Toluene is used as the reference marker. 1, Methyl alcohol 2, ethyl alcohol 3, isopropyl alcohol 4, n-propyl alcohol 5, wo-butyl alcohol 6, iec-butyl alcohol 7, rert-butyl alcohol 8, n-butyl alcohol 9, toluene (reference marker). Polar column Carbowax 20M (25m X 0.32, 0.25 pm film). Non-polar column HP-1, dimethylsiloxane (25m x 0.32, 0.25 pm film). Both columns carrier gas He 1ml min injection 0.5 pi split 20 1 detector FID column temperature programmed 50-200°C at 5°C min. ... 

Figure 7.2 Total ion chromatogram for GC-MS analysis of alcohols with toluene as the marker and the mass spectrum of scan number 64 corresponding to peak 9, toluene. 25 m x 0.25 mm Carbowax 20M column carrier gas He at lmlmin temperature programmed 50-200°C...

Figure 2.11. Separation of saturated and unsaturated volatile hydrocarbons on a 50 m x 0.53 mm internal diameter sodium sulfate deactivated alumina PLOT column. Carrier gas was helium at 5.0 ml/min and the temperature program 40 to 120°C at 5°C/min with a 5 min hold at 120°C. ( Restek Corporation).

The carbohydrates in the hydrolysates and fermentation media xylose, arabinose, fructose, glucose, mannose, galactose, maltose, maltotriose, and sucrose are analyzed by gas chromatography. The liquid samples are derivatized with Trimethylchlorosilane solution (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, IL) for detection. The GC was a Shimadzu GC-17A (Kyoto, Japan) with an injection volume of 1 pL and a temperature of 340 C. The column is a Phenomenex ZB-5 (Torrance, CA) and the detector is a flame ionization detector (FID) set at 340°C. The column carrier gas is helium with a flowrate of 1.1 mL/minute. 

As with Curie-point systems, the filament of a resistively heated pyrolyzer must be housed in a heated chamber that is interfaced to the analytical device. This interface chamber is generally connected directly to the injection port of a gas chromatograph, with column carrier gas flowing through it. The sample for pyrolysis is placed onto the pyrolysis filament, which is then inserted into the interface housing and sealed to ensure flow to the column (Figure 2.3). When current is supplied to the filament, it heats rapidly to pyrolysis temperatures and the pyrolysate is quickly swept into the analytical instrument. 

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