Color numerical description

Figure 11.1 The steps involved in converting a color to a numerical description that can be plotted in "color space." This flowchart describes the CIE system presented in the text. 

Moreover, discoloration before and after processing are characteristic data. Usually, the yellowness index (Yl) is measured relative to a given standard (magnesium oxide, barium sulfate). A more sophisticated numerical description is based on a three-dimensional color system, considering their shade, brightness, and saturation. Clear, near-colorless polymers can be measured in transmission, whereas the majority of polymers are opaque and can be studied in reflectance. ... 

Objective Evaluation of Color. In recent years a method has been devised and internationally adopted (International Commission on Illumination, I.C.I.) that makes possible objective specification of color in terms of equivalent stimuli. It provides a common language for description of the color of an object illuminated by a standard illuminant and viewed by a standard observer (H). Reflectance spectro-photometric curves, such as those described above, provide the necessary data. The results are expressed in one of two systems the tristimulus system in which the equivalent stimulus is a mixture of three standard primaries, or the heterogeneous-homogeneous system in which the equivalent stimulus is a mixture of light from a standard heterogeneous illuminant and a pure spectrum color (dominant wave-length-purity system). These systems provide a means of expressing the objective time-constant spectrophotometric results in numerical form, more suitable for tabulation and correlation studies. In the application to food work, the necessary experimental data have been obtained with spectrophotometers or certain photoelectric colorimeters. 

Description Adults slender, dark-colored, Vio -l A" wasps with long antennae. Some species have threadlike ovipositors, as much as 3" long (sometimes mistaken for stingers). Larvae white, tapering grubs. Numerous species found throughout North America. 

The detailed description of each preparative procedure is followed by a description of the properties of the product and by conunents concerning possible variations of the method and their effects on the properties of the product. For thorough characterization numerous illustrations including color plates. X-ray diffractograms, absorption speetra (IR, Mossbauer) and electron micrographs are included. This eharacterization is necessary in view of the wide range of crystal morphologies and crystal sizes displayed by most iron oxides. It should enable the users of this book to obtain a particular product with the desired eharacteristics and also provides a check on the success of the users own efforts. 

Physical Description Light-colored, free-flowing powders. [Note A protein containing numerous amino acids.] ... 

Relativity adds a new dimension to quantum chemistry, which is the choice of the Hamiltonian operator. While the Hamiltonian of a molecule is exactly known in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (if one focuses on the dominating electrostatic monopole interactions to be considered as being transmitted instantaneously), this is no longer the case for the relativistic formulation. Numerical results obtained by many researchers over the past decades have shown how Hamiltonians which capture most of the (numerical) effect of relativity on physical observables can be derived. Relativistic quantum chemistry therefore comes in various flavors, which are more or less well rooted in fundamental physical theory and whose relation to one another will be described in detail in this book. The new dimension of relativistic Hamiltonians makes the presentation of the relativistic many-electron theory very complicated, and the degree of complexity is far greater than for nonrelativistic quantum chemistry. However, the relativistic theory provides the consistent approach toward the description of nature molecular structures containing heavy atoms can only be treated correctly within a relativistic framework. Prominent examples known to everyone are the color of gold and the liquid state of mercury at room temperature. Moreover, it must be understood that relativistic quantum chemistry provides universal theoretical means that are applicable to any element from the periodic table or to any molecule — not only to heavy-element compounds. 

Description. The plants are coarse woody shrubs np to 1 meter in heightwilh numerous branches and steins that vary in color from lighi green to gay. Leaves are small and linear with sharp, pointed tips. Flowers are yellow and of the Composite family. 

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