Colloid anion

Polymer-supported catalysts often have lower activities than the soluble catalysts because of the intraparticle diffusion resistance. In this case the immobilization of the complexes on colloidal polymers can increase the catalytic activity. Catalysts bound to polymer latexes were used in oxidation reactions, such as the Cu-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid,12 the Co-catalyzed oxidation of tetralin,13 and the CoPc-catalyzed oxidation of butylphenol14 and thiols.1516 Mn(III)-porphyrin bound to colloidal anion exchange resin was... 

The two-phase epoxidation of alkenes by hydrogen peroxide in water-dichloromethane system, catalysed by manganese(III)-porphyrin, is strongly accelerated by addition of catalytic amounts of a carboxylic acid and lipophilic imidazole or pyridine axial ligand365,366. Manganese(III)-porphyrin bound to colloidal anion-exchange particles is more active in the selective epoxidation of styrene by aqueous hypochlorite than the same catalyst in aqueous solution367. 

The larger vertical line refers to the interface between a silver-silver chloride electrode and either a soil suspension (left) or a soil solution (right). The heavy, dashed vertical line marked W refers to a membrane that is impermeable to the soil colloidal anion, X"1, but permeable to dissolved ions and water.39 There may be ions other than Na+ and Cl in the suspension or in the solution, but they arc assumed not to interfere with the reversible behavior of the silver-silver chloride electrode toward Cl. At the left electrode (L), by convention,39 the oxidation reaction... 

Molybdic and phosphomolybdic acids bound to 60 nm colloidal anion exchange polymer catalyse the epoxidation of cyclooctene with 90% selectivity [41-42]. Only 12% epoxide is formed in the absence of colloidal particles. 

Basically, we have to differentiate between two different functions of fixatives (1) a cationic fixative, which adsorbs colloidal anionic trash onto the fibres so as to avoid agglomeration and the resulting deposition phenomena and (2) a fixative with high cationic charge, which drastically impacts the overall charges of the process that greatly influence the performance of other strategic additives such as sizes, starches and retention aids. 

This has not been determined analytically, but has been deduced from the close Analogy between coacervates of the type colloid anion -f- colloid cation and coacervates of the type colloid anion -f crystalloid cation (p. 384 Ch. X 3). For the variable composition of the former type see p. 355-364 Ch. X. 

Fig. 5. Relation between tendency to flocculation or coacervation and reciprocal hexol number (upper) or equivalent weight of the colloid anion (lower). (See text).

From this we may conclude, that also quantitatively a charged colloid (here Na arabinate) behaves towards an oppositely charged one (here clupein) in the same way as a large organic ion (here germanin), but with the simplification that the systematic difference between reciprocal anion number and equivalent weight is much smaller (or perhaps absent) if the anion in question is a colloid anion. 

Colloid amphoion 4- colloid cation + colloid anion... 

Variant No. 4 is in fact the simplest case, indeed in this case the complex relations occur between a large organic cation (colloid cation) and a large organic anion (colloid anion). 

If one regards the complex coacervate as a sightly soluble compound of polyvalent colloid ions, one can understand the occurrence of the double valency rule as increase of solubility as a result of the shielding of the colloid cations by the anions of the added salt and of the colloid anions by the cations of the added salt. 

In the salt resistance we are dealing with the suppression of the interaction of colloid anions and colloid cations. 

The gelatin sol is a solution of gelatin chloride, the gum arabic sol a solution of (mainly) Ca arabinate. If the colloid cations and colloid anions unite with each other in the equivalent mixing proportion, then mutually equivalent amounts of Ca and Cl ions remain over. 

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