Collapsing methods

The gas composition at the outlet of the reactor was determined using gas chromatography. The selectivity of methane was almost 100%. We directly observed the fluidization behavior and photographed it using a video camera with recording onto a videotape. We also measured the expansion of the emulsion by the bed collapse method [10] during the reaction. 

Fig. 3 shows the emulsion phased expansion measured by the bed collapse method [10] under the reaction conditions. In this case, the value of a was 3.9. The expansion ratio when the bed was fluidized by only H2 shows that the emulsion phase slightly expanded, and that the ratio was not influenced by the temperature. On the other hand, when H2 and CO2 were supplied as fluidizing gases, the expansion ratio decreased with the reaction temperature when... 

Qian, Z., and Kwauk, M., Computer Application in Characterizing Fluidization by the Bed Collapsing Method, Tenth Intern. CODATA Conf, Ottawa (1986)... 

Thus, the random, spatial distribution of the three modes of particle-fluid contacting is transformed into the ordered, temporal sequence of the three stages of the sedigraph. The bed collapsing method has been used, too, for other objectives in studies on fluidization (Rietema, 1967 Morooka et al., 1973). 

Now, let us use the data collapse method to test the hypothesis of finite-size scaling used to obtain the critical parameter for this system and estimate the critical exponent v for the lithium-like atoms. Using data collapse to the ionization energy of the three-electron atom in its ground state, /3(A) = Eq1(A)—... 

All coordinate-collapsing methods cause there to be more than one molecule at a given address. The tabulated data for all these molecules are combined in any analysis, and any predictions made for them will be identical. (A precedent appears in the chart of the elements, where more than one isotope may occupy an element s compartment.) It is clear that a loss of accuracy will take place using collapsed coordinates. 

Asanuma et al. (2001) proposed a modification to the collapsing method. In this modified method the movements of the locations are dependent on the shape of the distribution of the seismic events within the confidence ellipsoid, and not just the... 

By applying the collapsing method for the microseistnic cloud developed during the September 1993 stimulation (Jones et al., 1995),... 

Figure 4 Seismic line revealed by the collapsing method.

Moriya H, Manthei G, Mochizuki S, Asanuma H, Niitsuma H, Jones R, Ei-senblatter J (2002) Collapsing method for delineation of structures inside AE cloud associated with compression test of salt rock specimen. In 16 Int. Acoustic Emission Symposium, November 12-15 2002, Tokushima, Japan Ohtsu M (1998) Basics of acoustic emission and apllications to concrete engineering. Materials Science Research International 4(3) 131-140... 

Systematic location errors could occur due to high deformation of the rock specimen. To minimize the travel-time residuals, systematic location errors associated with picking errors and the velocity variations due to microcracking were removed by the application of the joint-hypocenter determination (JHD) method (Frohlich 1979). Using the JHD method, "station corrections" can be determined that account for consistent inaccuracies of the wave velocity along the travel path especially near sensor positions. To delineate structures inside a clouded AE event distribution the collapsing method, which was first reported by Jones and Steward [1997], can be applied. This method describes how the location of an AE event can be moved within its error ellipsoid in order that the distribution of movements for every event of a cloud approximates that of normally distributed location uncertainties. This does not make the location uncertainties in the dataset smaller but it highlights structures already inherent within the unfocussed dataset. 

Yang Z, Tung Y, Kwauk M. Characterizing fluidization by the bed collapsing method. Chem Eng Commun 39 217 232, 1985. 

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