Collagen immune response

The ghicocorticoids are used as replacement therapy for adrenocortical insufficiency, to treat allergic reactions, collagen diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus), dermatologic conditions, rheumatic disorders, shock, and other conditions (see Display 50-1). The anti-inflammatory activity of these hormones make them valuable as anti-inflammatories and as immunosuppressants to suppress inflammation and modify the immune response... 

Mecfianism of Action Gold compounds that alter cellular mechanisms, collagen biosynthesis, enzyme systems, and immune responses. Therapeutic Effect Suppress synovitis in the active stage of rheumatoid arthritis. 

Mechanism of Action A heavy metal antagonist that chelates copper, iron, mercury, lead to form complexes, promoting excretion of copper. Combines with cystine-forming complex, thus reducing concentration of cystine to below levels for formation of cystine stones. Exact mechanism for rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. May decrease cell-mediated immune response. May inhibit collagen formation. Therapeutic Effect Promotes excretion of copper, prevents renal calculi, dissolves existing stones, acts as anti-inflammatory drug. 

Collagen-like triple helices also occur within other proteins. One of these is protein Clq, a component of the complement system of blood (Chapter 31). This protein interacts with antibodies to trigger a major aspect of the immune response. Clq has six subunits, each made up of three different polypeptide chains of about 200 residues apiece. Beginning a few residues from the N termini, there are over 80 residues in each chain with collagen-like sequences. The three chains apparently form a triple helix within each subunit. However, the C-terminal portions are globular in nature.200 Collagen-like tails also are present on some forms of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (see Chapter 12C,10). Tire extensins of plant cell walls contain 4-hydroxyproline and evidently have a structure... 

Copper is required for the activity of enzymes associated with iron metabolism, elastin and collagen formation, melanin production and the integrity of the central nervous system. It is required with iron for normal red blood cell formation. Copper is also required for bone formation, brain cell and spinal cord structure, the immune response and feather development and pigmentation. A deficiency of copper leads to poor iron mobilization, abnormal... 

For any implanted device that is intended for long-term use, collagen encapsulation of the device will occur due to the immune response to the device.60 Collagen deposition typically begins at roughly 5-7 days postimplantation and takes up to a month to reach completion. In terms of calibration of the microdialysis probe, this layer of material will provide additional mass transport resistance and could be denoted as a trauma layer. 

The influence of NO in thrombogenesis, bacterial infection, angiogenesis, and the immune response suggest that its active release into the tissue surrounding a sensor may minimize the FBR. Sensor coatings that release NO could reduce the occurrence and severity of bacterial infection, minimize inflammation and collagen capsule formation, and promote the formation of new blood vessels, all of which would create a more favorable implant environment. Since NO is reactive (i.e., has a short half-life), the effects of NO would remain localized to the area from which it is released. 

Be sure to inject the collagen/CFA emulsion intradermally, as depth of injection (e.g., subcutaneous vs. intradermal) can influence the immune response. 

These compounds act as chemical filters to protect against the adverse effects of UV radiation. This radiation can contribute to the destruction of collagen fibers, which in turn can lead to a reduction in immune response. Furthermore, UV radiation is also responsible for the formation of free radicals, which cause damage to the structure of proteins and can lead to tumor formation [47]. According to the published data, these compounds are present not only in wastewater, but also in marine waters, lakes, rivers, sewage sludge, and soil [48, 49]. 

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