Cold commissioning

Energizing power systems, operational testing of plant equipment, calibration of instrumentation, testing of the control systems, and verification of the operation of all interlocks and other safety devices, without yet introducing process materials. These activities are usually described as cold commissioning . In parallel, it is usually necessary to commission the plant utilities, such as cooling water and compressed air systems, in order to enable equipment operation. 

Up to and including cold commissioning, and possibly wet commissioning, the activities are mainly those of discipline or equipment specialists, whereas the sequence and execution of hot commissioning is a process activity which is usually part of the process technology. As such, the work may be the responsibility of a technology provider, which is a separate entity from the rest of the project team. Any such split should not be allowed to result in separation of planning activities, unless the overall schedule duration is unimportant. 

After inspection of all system controls, cold commissioning can be started. In case of liquid processing plants, the plant will usually at first be filled with water up to the control levels. 

EEC Regulations for Cold Wave Hair Straightening Eotions and Depilatories, Commission Directive 88/233 CEE adapting to Technical Progress Council Directive 76/768/CEE, Mar. 2,1988. 

The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 represented the interests of American scientists who wished to see nuclear energy developed for nonniilitai y purposes. It called for the establishment of a five-member civilian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which could deliver weapons to the military only on presidential order. But the militaiy tensions ot the early Cold War delayed civilian nuclear power development until 1948, at which time 80 percent of the AEC s budget went to militaiy ends. In 1951, U.S. civilian nuclear power development consisted of only a small experimental government (liquid metal) reactor in Idaho. 

Figure 4.28 Semiscale Mod-1 system cold-leg break configuration—isometric diagram. (From Coz-zuol et al., 1978. Reprinted with permission of U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, subject to the disclaimer of liability for inaccuracy and lack of usefulness printed in the cited reference.)...

Echinacea is a widely available over-the-counter botanical remedy used for the treatment of the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, flu, and inflammation of the mouth and pharynx (141-144). It is one of the more popular botanical remedies with a sales ranking of 5 and sales of US 70 million (4). About 10% to 20% of the adult and child botanical users consume echinacea routinely (145-149). Three species of echinacea Echinacea purpurea, E. angustinfolia, and E. pallida) have been used medicinally (141). However, only the aboveground parts of E. purpura and the root of E. pallida have been approved for oral administration by the German E Commission (7). 

In an ideal world (and indeed as predicted by the optimists in the euphoric days following the CWC signing ceremony in Paris in January 1993), there would have been 65 ratifications (including Russia and the United States) by July 1994, followed by a smooth transition from the Preparatory Commission to the operational Convention at an entry into force in early 1995 by the end of 1995 the OPCW would have been humming along smoothly with 160-plus States Parties the first RevCon would have been convened in early 2000 and by June 2005 the OPCW would have been approaching its tenth anniversary, and the destruction of the US and Russian CW stockpiles would have been almost completed. Everybody would have marvelled at what could be achieved in arms control and disarmament in the post-Cold War era. 

At that time Senator-Mayor Francis Palmero, who had known Pr Raymond Daudel since the first IAQMS congress, held at Menton in 1973, was a political friend of the painter Nicole Lemaire D Aggagio, who was a municipal counsellor at the nearby city of Antibes-Juan les Pins. He asked her to involve Pr Raymond Daudel in some common project. Mrs Lemaire was then President of the National Commission of Fine Arts at the Women s Professional Union and, as such, had been invited, in 1972, to a meeting in the Soviet Union. She was received at the Kremlin and, in the midst of the Cold War, she advocated the creation of an international and interdisciplinary academy to foster peace through cooperation, between scientists and artists from Western and Eastern Europe. After trying to involve various academics, she came to Pr Daudel. It was as if a heavenly voice had told him "If you can t join them, beat them". 

Wedin B. 1972. Cold - A possibility to increase the excretion of radiostrontium. In International Conference on Strontium Metabolism, ed. Second international conference on strontium metabolism, Glasgow and Strontian, 16-19 August, 1972. TID 4500 59th ed. Health and Safety Laboratory / U S. Atomic Energy Commission, 369-378. 

The situation in a motor vehicle could not be more different. The duty of the automotive catalyst comprises a series of commissionings followed by operation in a highly perturbed fashion. In the USA, the mandatory cold start and 50,000 mile durability requirement demands operation of the catalyst at low temperatures. During actual operation the catalyst would be subjected to extremes of gas flow and temperature with large variations in concentration of pollutants over the load-speed envelope of the vehicle. 

---