Coke-firing

Carbonyl sulfide is an intermediate in this reaction. A mixture of sulfur dioxide and oxygen was blown into the bottom of coke-fired reduction furnace and sulfur vapor condensed from the off-gases. Trail is the location of a large mine and smelter in British Columbia. The process was originally used in the 1930s for abating air pollution from the smelter, but when the demand for sulfuric acid for fertilizer production increased in 1943 it became obsolete. See also Boliden (1), RESOX. 

Pohani, B. and Wen, H., Comparison of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion and Pulverized Combustion for Coke Fired Cogeneration Plant. Ninth Annual Energy-Sources Technology Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, LA, February 1986. 

Genereux, R. P. and Doucette, B., Pet-coke-firing experience evolves over three decades. Power, July/August 1996. 

Allentown Ceawnt (LeHIgh Portland Ccnant Co.) Allentown, PA 2 dry Mine coal/coke fired References 2 and 5... 

Calcium sulfate may be decomposed to cement clinker and sulfur dioxide gas in a coke-fired rotary kiln at 900-1400°C (Miiller-Kiihne).28 However, the unfavorable economics of this process relegate it to countries that do not have other sources of sulfur. Phospho-gypsum (gypsum produced by the acidulation of phosphate rock) may be decomposed in this way as a means of recycling the sulfur values in the large waste phosphogypsum piles at fertilizer plants (OSW-Krupp and FIPR/Davy... 

Structure and Operation of coke-fired cremation ovens of the 1930s... 

The Coke Consumption of a Cremation Oven with Coke-Fired Generator... 

The heat balance of a cremation oven with coke-fired generator is a problem, very difficult to resolve in theory, since in practice the performance is affected by variable factors which cannot be predicted by theory and which affect the operation of the oven from case to case. 

Naturally the cremation process took longer in ovens operating with a coke-fired gas generator. Regarding the time required for the cremation cycle, the data to be found in contemporaneous literature is almost never entirely reliable, first and foremost because what is meant by the time required is very rarely clearly defined, and secondly because one must expect that the data have been distorted for reasons of competition or propaganda. 

Coke-fired single muffle oven, never built.62... 

Mobile, petrol-fired two-muffle oven, later converted into a stationary coke-fired oven. This type of oven was installed in Gusen (a subcamp of Mauthausen) and Dachau. The first one was ordered by the SS-Neubauleitung of the Mauthausen camp on March 21, 1940, as a mobile, petrol-fired oven ( fahrbarer Ofen mit Olbeheizung ), but on October 9, 1940, it was decided to convert it... 

Kosten-Anschlag J.A. Topf Sohne, Dec. 21, 1939, for SS-Neubauleitung of KL Buchenwald reg. a petrol- or coke-fired crematorium oven with two muffles. NO-4448. 

Coke-fired two muffle oven type Auschwitz. Three ovens of this type were built in the crematorium of Auschwitz I between 1940 and 1942 one was built in 1945 in the crematorium of Mauthausen. 

Coke-fired three muffle oven. Two ovens of this model (one also equipped for petrol-firing) were installed in the crematorium of Buchenwald in 1942, two in the crematorium of GroB-Rosen in 1942,77 and ten in the crematoria II and III of Birkenau in 1942-1943. 

Coke-fired eight muffle oven. Two ovens of this type were built in the crematoria IV and V of Birkenau in 1942-1943, and one half of such an oven (4 muffles) was installed at Mogilew in 1942. The ovens of Auschwitz will be described in the following paragraphs. 

The Coke-Fired Topf Double-Muffle Cremation Ovens... 

The components of the oven of Mauthausen are also included on Topf s shipment list of January 12, 1943.92 The construction of the double-muffle cremation oven is shown on diagram Topf D57253 , which dates from June 10,1940 and refers to the first oven built in Auschwitz. The oven is solid brick and sealed with a row of wrought-iron anchors. The dimensions of the Mauthausen oven are virtually identical to those shown on diagram D57253, which correspond to the measurements of the anchor irons itemized on Topf s shipment fist of January 17, 1941 with respect to the second oven of Auschwitz. The oven is equipped with two cremation chambers, or muffles.93 The oven s operation is explained in the Operation Manual for the Coke-Fired Topf Double-Muffle Cremation Oven. 9A... 

Regarding details on construction, cf. our main work, op. cit. (note 2), as well as J. A. Topf Sohne Erfurt. Coke-fired cremation oven and foundation blueprint. D57253. Jan. 10, 1940. Regarding SS New Construction Office of the concentration camp Auschwitz. BAK, NS 4 Ma/54 listing of the materials for a Topf Double-Muffle Cremation Oven, Jan. 23, 1943. BAK, NS 4 Ma/54 bill no. D 41/107, Feb. 5, 1941, BAK, NS 4 Ma/54. 

Betriebsvorschrifi des koksbeheizten Topf-Doppelmuffel-Einascherungsofens (Operation Manual for the Coke-Fired Topf Double-Muffle Cremation Oven). Sept. 26, 1941. APMO, BW 11/1, p. 3. 

The operation of the coke-fired three-muffle oven is explained in the corresponding Operation Manual for the Coke-Fired Topf Three-Muffle Cremation Oven,109 which was based on the manual for the double-muffle cremation oven. The only significant difference relates to the heat tolerance of the muffles, which were not to be heated to more than 1000°C (1830°F), whereas the double-muffle oven could be heated to 1100°C (201 CPF). This lower heat tolerance is due to the lesser quantity of fireproof brickwork per muffle of this oven type (approximately 2,100 kg, or 4,630 lbs) as compared to that of the double-muffle oven (approximately 3,000 kg, or 6,600 lbs), and probably also to the lesser quality of the materials used. 

The Coke-Fired Topf Eight-Muffle Cremation Oven... 

A letter sent by Topf to the SS New Construction Office of the concentration camp Mauthausen on November 1, 1940 contained the cost estimate for a coke-fired Topf double-muffle cremation oven with forced-air installation and for a Topf draft-enhancing installation , 132 The letter states 133... 

Since the cremation ovens of Auschwitz and Birkenau were coke-fired, it is appropriate to compare, for a better understanding of the cremation process, the experiment with coke-fired cremation which engineer Richard Kessler performed on January 5, 1927 in the crematorium of Dessau.136... 

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