Cognitive effects depression

Cognitive effects The effects of LI 160 on cognitive performance of subjects being treated for depression were examined. A significant antidepressant effect was seen and with low incidence of side effects, but no adverse cognitive effects were found on measures of attention, concentration, or reaction time (Schmidt and Sommer 1993). 

Martis B, Carson V, Sharma RP, et ai. Cognitive effects of repetitive transcraniai magnetic stimuiation on depressed patients, in New Research Abstracts of the Annuai APA meeting. Chicago, May 15, 2000, NR81 77. 

Cognitive defects, depression, and mania can occur in patients taking interferon alfa. Interferon alfa-induced psychiatric adverse effects and their recommended management have been comprehensively reviewed (383,384,385). 

Opioid drugs act at opioid receptors distributed throughout the central/peripheral nervous system, causing a wide range of physiological, behavioural and cognitive effects. The main adverse drug interactions are due to additive depressive effects on the CNS, which results in loss of consciousness, respiratory depression and hypotension. 

For most patients fluctuations are variations in the severity of motor manifestations of Parkinson s disease. However, other types of fluctuations can also occur, many of which are of non-motor in nature these include sensory fluctuations (pain and paresthesia), akathisia or restless legs, autonomic fluctuations (dyspnea, tachycardia, pallor, blood pressure changes, dysphagia, penile erection, urinary frequency) or cognitive effects, such as hallucinations, depression, hypomania, or hypersexuality. 

Most people taking lithium have no complaints about its effects on mental processes they feel normal and function normally. Mild cognitive effects can occur, although it is sometimes difficult to determine whether they are due to the lithium, the resolution of manic euphoria, the presence of mild depression or hypothyroidism, or the effects of other medications. Complaints can include reduced reactivity, lack of spontaneity, loss of emotional tone, and patchy memory impairment. Lithium reportedly has adverse effects on memory, speed of information processing, and reaction time (155,156). It has been suggested that the risk of driving accidents may be increased in patients taking lithium, but there is no evidence that this... 

Cognitive decline, depression, anxiety, violent behavior, and weight loss are reported following chronic use of phencyclidine. Prolonged psychosis has been reported, which can mimic acute schizophrenia, and can persist for 4-6 weeks. Tolerance to the psychoactive effects can lead abusers to take increased doses. Psychological dependence has been noted, but no distinct withdrawal symptoms have been reported. 

I In general it is difficult to disentangle the cognitive effects of depression from those induced by ECT. Often, overall cognitive function improves as depression lifts. 

Other, older hypnotic drugs are believed to act at the GABAa receptor and are clinically similar to the barbiturates (e.g., glutethimide, ethychlorvynol, and methaprylon). These drugs are still available and have been reviewed in previous editions of this text. Rarely, however, is the use of these drugs indicated because of their limited effectiveness, tendency of patients to develop tolerance to their effect, depression of cognitive effects, physical dependence, ability to induce microsomal metabolism, and lethal toxicity. 

Phenobarbitone may be as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in partial and generalised tonic-clonic seizures but its other central effects such as sedation, depression, listlessness and cognitive impairment mar its usefulness. 

Interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy are types of psychotherapy that have well-documented efficacy for the treatment of MDD. Psychotherapy alone is an initial treatment option for mild to moderate cases of depression, and it may be useful when combined with pharmacotherapy in the treatment of more severe cases of depression. In fact, the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy can be more effective than either treatment modality alone in cases of severe or recurrent MDD. Psychotherapy can be especially helpful for patients with significant psychosocial stressors, interpersonal difficulties, or comorbid personality disorders.16... 

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