Coding sequences

Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL Annotated non-redundant protein sequence database, TrEMBL is a computer-annotated supplement to Swiss-Prot. TrEMBL contains the translations of all coding sequences present in the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database which are no yet integrated into Swiss-Prot... 

Modify Figure 28 12 so that it corresponds to translation of an mRNA in which the sequence of the first six bases of the coding sequence are AUGUCU... 

DNA from a gene contains hundreds to thousands of nucleotide units for which the sequence is needed in order to interpret its code. Sequencing methods require only small amounts (5 (tg) of purified DNA, which can be produced by cloning. Automated sequencers are available that can daily sequence DNA containing hundreds of nucleotide units. 

The amino acid sequences of hCS-A, hCS-B, and hCS-V are shown in relation to GH in Figure 1. The sequence of hCS-V is predicted from the DNA coding sequence and apparentiy does not possess amino acids 8—55 relative to GH and the other hCS molecules. It is not certain whether hCS-V is expressed or what function it may have. Human CS-A and hCS-B share approximately 85% identity with GH and also possess the disulfide bonds between Cys 53—165 and Cys 182—189 which produce the long and short S—loops characteristic of the PRL/GH family. 

If the DNA coding sequence -CAA-CCG-GAT- were miscopied during replication and became -CGA-CCG-GAT-, what effect would there be on the sequence of the protein produced ... 

Overexpression of apoaequorin (Inouye et al., 1989, 1991). To produce a large quantity of apoaequorin, an apoaequorin expression plasmid piP-HE containing the signal peptide coding sequence of the outer membrane protein A (ompA) of E. coli (Fig. 4.1.12) was constructed and expressed in E. coli. The expressed apoaequorin was secreted into the periplasmic space of bacterial cells and culture medium. The cleaving of ompA took place during secretion thus the... 

Biological raw data are stored in public databanks (such as Genbank or EMBL for primary DNA sequences). The data can be submitted and accessed via the World Wide Web. Protein sequence databanks like trEMBL provide the most likely translation of all coding sequences in the EMBL databank. Sequence data are prominent, but also other data are stored, e.g.yeast two-hybrid screens, expression arrays, systematic gene-knock-out experiments, and metabolic pathways. 

The human somatostatin gene is located on chromosome 3q28 and contains a single intron of 876 bp in its coding sequence. Its 5 upstream region includes several... 

Splicing is a processing step of the pre-mRNA to become a mature transcript. This involves the excision of intervening noncoding sequences (introns) from coding sequences (exons) by a multiple protein complex, the spliceosome. After splicing the mRNA molecule is ready for translation, since it contains a continuous sequence that encode an entire protein. 

Theorem 4-3. Given the same source as in Theorem 4-2, and given any 8X > 0, ex < 1, there exists an N0 sufficiently large so that any code that codes sequences of N > N0 source symbols into sequences of at most N[H( U) — 8J binary symbols will have an error probability greater than e1. 

Mitochondria are unique organelles in that they contain their own DNA (mtDNA), which, in addition to ribosomal RN A (rRNA) and transfer RN A (tRNA)-coding sequences, also encodes 13 polypeptides which are components of complexes I, III, IV, and V (Anderson et al., 1981). This fact has important implications for both the genetics and the etiology of the respiratory chain disorders. Since mtDNA is maternally-inherited, a defect of a respiratory complex due to a mtDNA deletion would be expected to show a pattern of maternal transmission. However the situation is complicated by the fact that the majority of the polypeptide subunits of complexes I, III, IV, and V, and all subunits of complex II, are encoded by nuclear DNA. A defect in a nuclear-coded subunit of one of the respiratory complexes would be expected to show classic Mendelian inheritance. A further complication exists in that it is now established that some respiratory chain disorders result from defects of communication between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes (Zeviani et al., 1989). Since many mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and require a sophisticated system of posttranslational processing for transport and assembly, it is apparent that a diversity of genetic errors is to be expected. 

Figure 39-19. Structure of a typical eukaryotic mRNA showing elements that are involved in regulating mRNA stability. The typical eukaryotic mRNA has a 5 noncoding sequence (5 NCS), a coding region, and a 3 NCS. All are capped at the 5 end, and most have a polyadenylate sequence at the 3 end. The 5 cap and 3 poly(A) tail protect the mRNA against exonuclease attack. Stem-loop structures in the 5 and 3 NCS, features in the coding sequence, and the AU-rich region in the 3 NCS are thought to play roles in mRNA stability.

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