Cockroach American, Periplaneta americana

Asturias, J. A., Gomez-Bayon, N., AriUa, M. C., Martinez, A., Palacios, R., Sanchez-Gascon, F., and Martinez, J. (1999). Molecular characterization of American cockroach tropomyosin (Periplaneta americana allergen 7), a cross-reactive aUergen. /. Immunol. 162, 4342 348. 

Based on the successful series of transformations summarized in Scheme 1, Schreiber and Santini developed an efficient and elegant synthesis of periplanone B (1),8 the potent sex pheromone of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. This work constitutes the second total synthesis of periplanone B, and it was reported approximately five years after the landmark periplanone B synthesis by W.C. Still9 (see Chapter 13). As in the first synthesis by Still, Schreiber s approach to periplanone B takes full advantage of the facility with which functionalized 5-cyclodecen-l-one systems can be constructed via anionic oxy-Cope rearrangements of readily available divinylcyclohexanols.5 7 In addition, both syntheses of periplanone B masterfully use the conformational preferences of cyclo-decanoid frameworks to control the stereo- and regiochemical course of reactions carried out on the periphery of such ring systems.10... 

Chlamys nipponensis (Japanese scallop) Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Yesso scallop) Mimachlamys nobilis Charybdis feriatus (crab) Homarus americanus (American lobster) Panulirus stimpsoni Homarus americanus (American lobster) Farfantepenaeus aztecus (pen a 1) Periplaneta americana (American cockroach) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (dust mite) Lepidoglyphus destructor Homo sapiens (human) Homo sapiens (human) Sus scrofa (pig) Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)... 

Singie abdominai injection of 1 mg famphur/kg BW whoie-body residues of famphur, famoxon, and /V-desmethyifamphur measured 1 h after injection AMERICAN COCKROACH, Periplaneta americana Of total amount injected, 84.6% remained after 1 h 79.4% famphur, 2.2% famoxon, and 3.1% /V-desmethylfamphur 2... 

AMERICAN COCKROACH, Periplaneta americana Baits containing 1.5% boric acid All dead in 6 days (6)... 

Hawkins, W. A. (1978). Effects of sex pheromone on locomotion in the male American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Journal of Chemical Ecology 4 149-160. 

Isolation procedure of the sex pheromone of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. Applied Entomology and Zoology 11 373-375. 

American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Isolation and partial identification of two excitants. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Weteschappen, Series C, Biological and Medical Sciences 77 201-204. 

W. J. (1976). Sex pheromones of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana a tentative structure of periplanone-B. Tetrahedron Letters 24 2055-2058. 

Takahashi, S. and Kitamura, C. (1972). Bioassay procedure of the sex stimulant of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Orthoptera Blattidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 7 133-141. 

Wharton, M. L. and Wharton, D. R. A. (1957). The production of sex attractant substance and of oothecae by the normal and irradiated American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. Journal of Insect Physiology 1 229-239. 

Kitabayashi A. N., Arai T., Kubo T. and Natori S. (1998) Molecular cloning of cDNA for plO, a novel protein that increases in regenerating legs of Periplaneta americana (American cockroach). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 785-790. 

Getz W. M. and Akers R. R (1997) Response of American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) olfactory receptors to selected alcohol odorants and their binary combinations. J. Comp. Physiol. A 180, 701-709. 

The ability of insects to withstand desiccation was recognized in the 1930s to be due to the epicuticular layer of the cuticle. Wigglesworth (1933) described a complex fatty or waxy substance in the upper layers of the cuticle which he called cuticulin . The presence of hydrocarbons in this wax of insects was suggested by Chibnall et al. (1934) and Blount et al. (1937), and over the next few decades the importance of hydrocarbons in the cuticular wax of insects was established (Baker et al., 1963 and references therein). The first relatively complete chemical analyses of the hydrocarbons from any insect, the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Baker et al., 1963), occurred after the development of gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The three major components of the hydrocarbons of this insect, //-pen taco sane, 3-methylpentacosane and (Z,Z)-6,9-heptacosadiene, represent the three major classes of hydrocarbons on insects, n-alkanes, methyl-branched alkanes and alkenes. Baker and co-workers (1963) were able to identify n-pentacosane by its elution time on GLC to a standard and its inclusion in a 5-angstrom molecular sieve. 3-Methylpentacosane... 

Vroman, H.E., Kaplanis, J.N. and Robbins, W.E. (1965). Effect of allatectomy on lipid biosynthesis and turnover in the female American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L)../. Insect Physiol., 11, 897-903. 

The //-alkanes usually range in chain length from 21 to 31 or 33 carbons. Hydrocarbons with fewer than 20 carbons commonly occur as pheromones, defensive compounds and intermediates to pheromones and defensive compounds, but their volatility makes them unsuited to function as cuticular components, n-Alkanes have been found on almost every insect species analyzed, and can range from less than one percent of the total hydrocarbons, as in tsetse flies (Nelson and Carlson, 1986 Nelson et al., 1988) to almost all of the hydrocarbon fraction, as in the adult tenebrionid beetle, Eurychora sp. (Lockey, 1985). Depending upon the species, they can consist of essentially only one major component, such as n-pentacosane in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Jackson, 1972) to a series of //-alkanes, such as the series from C23 to C33 in the housefly, Musca domes-tica (Nelson et al., 1981), with trace amounts to C37 (Mpuru et al., 2001). In all cases, the odd-numbered alkanes predominate, due to their formation from mostly two carbon units followed by a decarboxylation (Blomquist, Chapter 3, this book). Small amounts of even-numbered carbon chain //-alkanes often occur, and presumably arise from chain initiation with a propionyl-CoA rather than an acetyl-CoA. Occasionally, gas chromatographic analyses reveal similar amounts of even-numbered chain //-alkanes and odd-numbered chain components. This is a red flag that the samples must be checked for contamination. 

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