Coccoid bacteria

Frankel R. B., et al. (1997) Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria. Biophys. J. 73, 994-1000. 

The localization of different PBPs and peptidoglycan hydrolases in several bacterial species has been determined using immunofluorescence and, more recently, using GFP-fusions [106, 107,108,109,110]. From these studies, it appears that in coccoid bacteria cell wall synthesis occurs mainly at the septum, while in rod-shaped bacteria different PBPs are localized to sites of cell division and peripheral cell wall synthesis. Furthermore, the localization of the enzymes seems to be dependent on both interactions with other enzymes and with substrate [98]. These visualization techniques have also helped explain the apparent functional redundancy of the PBPs. For example, in S. pneumoniae, different PBPs are speciflcally localized to sites of... 

Pinho MG, Kjos M, VeeningJW How to get (a) roimd mechanisms controlling growth and division of coccoid bacteria, Nat Rev Microbiol 11(9) 601—614, 2013. 

W/0 emulsions are generally less vulnerable to micro-organisms than O/W emulsions. This can be attributed to two factors firstly, the continuous oil phase tends to prevent contact between the water droplets of the discontinuous phase and micro-organisms, and secondly, the small size of the water droplets itself hinders the survival and proliferation of any microbes that may be present. Current emulsion technology can achieve an average water droplet diameter of Ip, approximately that of individual coccoid bacteria. In micro-emulsions, droplet size is even smaller. In contrast, manufacturing O/W emulsions with such characteristics, and thus dispensing with the need for chemical preservatives, is particularly difficult and requires special know-how of emulsion chemistry. 

Truong, V, Webb, H., Fadeeva, E., Chichkov, B., Wu, A., Lamb, R., Wang, J., Crawford, R., Ivanova, E., 2012. Air-directed attachment of coccoid bacteria to the surface of superhydrophobic lotus-hke titanium. Biofouhng 28, 539. 

The majority of bacteria fall within the general dimensions of Q.15-A(Xm. They are unicellular structures which may occur as cylindrical (rod-shaped) or spherical (coccoid) forms. In one or two genera, the cylindrical form may be modified in that a single twist (vibrios) or many twists like a corkscrew (spirochaetes) may occur. 

Rieu-Lesme F, Dauga C, Morvan B, et al. 1996. Acetogenic coccoid spore-forming bacteria isolated from the rumen. Res Microbiol 147 753-64. 

Figure 11.4a,b show the microcapsules as initially formed with Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus attached to the forming polyamide capsule wall. The bacteria, respectively rod and coccoid shaped, were clearly visible on the outside surface of the capsules when labelled with ethidium bromide, as evidenced by confocal optical sections. Variation of the initial bacterial concentration and... 

Figure 8 TEM of the magnetotactic bacteria of the Pettaquamescatt estuary (a) coccoid from 3.6 m, (b) vibrio from 7.2 m, (c) large rods with double row of magnetite crystallites, (d) moribund bacteria on surface of the sediment, (e) particles from 1 m depth. Scale bars = 100 nm (source Stolz, 1992, p. 138).

Mycoplasmas differ from other prokaryotes by their lack of a cell wall. They are unable to produce even precursors of bacterial cell wall polymers, unlike L-forms of bacteria that can do so under the right environmental conditions. Their size is another distinguishing feature they are the smallest self-rephcating prokaryotes, with coccoid forms of only 0.3 pm diameter capable of reproduction. Their genome size is approximately one-sixth that of Escherichia coli. 

In 1965, during the first stage of an increase in mineralisation of the Aral Sea the mean number of bacteria was 0.166 x 10 cells ml , and biomass -0.033 mg wet weight 1 [50]. Coccoid forms dominated the bacterial community and were more abundant in the coastal areas. As estimated from the relationship between biomass and number of bacteria, they were large cells with mean volume of about 0.2 pm. ... 

When mineralisation reached 36 ppt, the number of bacteria increased. According to Sulalina and Smurov [51] in the small Aral Sea and Butakov Bay the number of bacteria varied from 0.7 to 2.4 x 10 cells ml with a tendency of increasing to the bottom. At that time bacterioplankton were mainly represented by rod-like, coccoid, filamentous and spiral forms. 

In June 2008, bacterioplankton in the Large Aral were dominated by small coccoid forms with a mean volume of 0.014 pm. Rod-like forms made up no more than 5% of the total number. In the Western basin, the number of bacteria in the upper layer averaged 0.353 10 cells ml . In the coastal areas the abundance of bacterioplankton was higher as compared with the central parts of the basin, 0.402 X 10 cells ml and 0. 271 x 10 cells ml, respectively. The mean biomass in terms of wet weight was 0.005 mg 1 , in terms of carbon - 0.728 pg C 1 . Maximum abundance was observed at a depth of 20 m and coincided with the phytoplankton maximum (see Fig. 2). In the shallow Eastern basin the number of... 

Thermophilic microbes have been known for some years from the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA (Farmer, 2000) but now are also documented from deep ocean hydrothermal vents, the most extreme of which is an Fe(III)-reducing member of the Archaea that can grow at 121°C (Kashefi St Lovley, 2003). Ocean vent microbial communities are diverse and include Archaea and Bacteria (Hoelc et al., 2003) which utilize hydrogen- and iron-oxidizing and sulfur-reducing metabolisms to produce microbial mats. They form rod-like, coccoid, and filamentous forms (Reysenbach and Cady, 2001). An equally diverse array of thermophilic microbes is also... 

The generally coccoid, but occasionally rod shaped cells of the bacteria belonging to this genus are imbedded in more or less clearly formed... 

In addition to the filament-shaped sulphur bacteria, there are coccoid forms, which as a rule form reddish pigments. The most well-known representative of these sulphur bacteria is Chromatium okenii, also known as "red sulphur bacterium", and Lamprocystis roseo-persicina. The latter is often to be found on water plants and forms a pink-coloured covering when it develops en masse. 

Cell extracts of P. shermanii VKM-103 (wild type), P. shermanii KM-82 mutant (superproducer of vitamin B12), P. acnes CCM 322 and propionic add cocci P. coccoides) were tested as possible sources of antimutagens. The first two strains represented classical propionic acid bacteria, and P. acnes represented cutaneous propionibacteria. In the assay for antimutagenic activity S. typhimuhum TA 1535 his mutant) was used as the test organism (base pair substitution mutations tester). 

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