Cobaltate , cesium

The properties of hydrated titanium dioxide as an ion-exchange (qv) medium have been widely studied (51—55). Separations include those of alkaH and alkaline-earth metals, zinc, copper, cobalt, cesium, strontium, and barium. The use of hydrated titanium dioxide to separate uranium from seawater and also for the treatment of radioactive wastes from nuclear-reactor installations has been proposed (56). 

Researchers at BNL claim that this technology may be used to extract metals such as cadmium, arsenic, lead, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, barium, nickel, and chromium, as well as radionuclides such as uranium, thorium, plutonium, cobalt, cesium, and strontium. They state that the process offers the following advantages ... 

Gregus and Klaassen carried out a comparative study of fecal and urinary excretion and tissue distribution of eighteen metals in rats after intravenous injection. Total (fecal + urinary) excretion was relatively rapid (over 50% of the dose in 4 days) for cobalt, silver and manganese between 50 and 20% for copper, thallium, bismuth, lead, cesium, gold, zinc, mercury, selenium and chromium and below 20% for arsenic, cadmium, iron, methylmercury and tin. Feces was the predominant route of excretion for silver, manganese, copper, thallium, lead, zinc, cadmium, iron and methylmercury whereas urine was the predominant route of excretion of cobalt, cesium, gold, selenium, arsenic and tin. Most of the metals reached the highest concentration in liver and kidney. However, there was no... 

Diphoterine is a polyvalent, hypertonic, amphoteric, chelating hquid. The Equid nature rinses off surface contaminants. Its hypertonicity reduces the penetration of chemicals into the tissue by wicking the chemical agent out of tissue. The amphoteric nature neutralizes acids and bases. Also, Diphoterine can chelate radionuclides such as strontium, cobalt, cesium, or uranium and anions, such as oxalate, but doesn t chelate calcium or magnesium, which would cause biological damage to cells. 

Reliable analytical information can be obtained by using microwave digestion sampling for trace element determination in brain and liver. Krachler et al.52 reported two microwave digestion systems (open-focused and closed-pressurized). They created a mineralization of human brain and bovine liver as dissolution steps prior to the determination of 16 trace elements (bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, lead, rubidium, antimony, tin, strontium, thallium, and zinc) by ICP-MS. 

Approximately 25—30% of a reactor s fuel is removed and replaced during plaimed refueling outages, which normally occur every 12 to 18 months. Spent fuel is highly radioactive because it contains by-products from nuclear fission created during reactor operation. A characteristic of these radioactive materials is that they gradually decay, losing their radioactive properties at a set rate. Each radioactive component has a different rate of decay known as its half-life, which is the time it takes for a material to lose half of its radioactivity. The radioactive components in spent nuclear fuel include cobalt-60 (5-yr half-Hfe), cesium-137 (30-yr half-Hfe), and plutonium-239 (24,400-yr half-Hfe). 

Cesium does not alloy with or attack cobalt, iron, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, tantalum, or tungsten at temperatures up to 650°C (35). 

The Perkin reaction is of importance for the iadustrial production of coumarin and a number of modifications have been studied to improve it, such as addition of a trace of iodine (46) addition of oxides or salts of metals such as iron, nickel, manganese, or cobalt (47) addition of catalytic amounts of pyridine (48) or piperidine (49) replacement of sodium acetate by potassium carbonate (50,51) or by cesium acetate (52) and use of alkaU metal biacetate... 

Cesium fluonde in dimethylformamide catalyzes the isomerization offluori-nated cyclobutenes, perfluorobipyntmdines, and their oligomers to products with expanded rings [30, 31, 32] The product distribution in cobalt tnfluonde fluorina-tion depends strongly on the temperature of the reaction [33] Fluorinated 1-dimethylamino-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-l,4-dihydro-l,4-ethenonaphthalene rearranges in protic media to a biphenyl derivative [34] (equation 8)... 

Fluorination. Direct fluorination of quinoline was accompanied by extensive fragmentation of the heteroring, but trifluoromethyl hypofluorite in trichlorofluoromethane at -70°C converted 5-fluoro-8-hydroxyquino-line into the 5,7-difluoro-8-hydroxy product (72JMC987). Quinoline, itself, was perfluorinated by fluorine and cobalt(III) fluoride (56JCS783), whereas cesium tetrafluorocobaltate at around 350°C converted it into a mixture of saturated polyfluoro compounds (82JFC413). It is much more satisfactory to introduce fluorine by nucleophilic methods. 

The more important ones (with their corresponding half-lives and principal 7-emissions are americium-241 (458 yrs, 0.060 MeV), cesium-137 (30 yrs, 0.662 MeV), and cobalt-60 (5.2 yrs, 1.1,... 

Tin hold the record with 10 stable isotopes. There are 19 so-called "pure elements" of which there is only one isotope. These anisotopic elements are beryllium, fluorine, sodium, aluminum, phosphorus, scandium, manganese, cobalt, arsenic, yttrium, niobium, rhodium, iodine, cesium, praseodymium, terbium, holmium, thulium, gold, and bismuth. 

Cesium is determined as the tetraphenylborate, total cobalt as the anthranilate, sulfate as barium sulfate, and cobalt(III) by addition of the alum to excess of potassium iodide solution followed by titration with thiosulfate- Anal. Calcd. -for CsCo(S04)2-12H20 Cs, 22.2 Co, 9.82 S04, 32.0. Found Cs, 22.2 Co, 9.83 S04, 32.3 Co(III), 9.80. 

A cobalt-catalyzed method for arylation of heteroarenes including thiazole and benzothiazole was reported in 2003 <030L3607>. According to this report, the direct C-5 arylation of thiazole with iodobenzene was carried out in the presence of cobalt catalyst [Co(OAc)2/IMes] and cesium carbonate, and a complete reversal of arylation from C-5 to C-2 was observed with the bimetallic Co/Cu/IMes system. This report has been retracted as the laboratory of the senior author has not been able to reproduce the key results disclosed in the communication <06OL2899>. 

Handl, J. and A. Pfau. 1989. Long-term transfer of 1-129 into the food chain. Sci. Total Environ. 85 245-252. Handl, J., A. Pfau, and F.W. Huth. 1990. Measurements of 129I into the food chain. Health Phys. 58 609-618. Hanson, L.H. 1990. Sterilizing effects of cobalt-60 and cesium-137 radiation on male sea lampreys. North Amer. Jour. Fish. Manage. 10 352-361. 

VIOLET Potassium compounds other than silicates, phosphates and borates rubidium and cesium are similar. Color is masked by lithium and/or sodium, appears purple-red through cobalt glass and bluish-green glass. 

Common radioactive material in use today includes the alpha emitters Americium-241 and Plutonim-238 the beta emitters Phosporus-32 and Strontium-90 and the gamma emitters Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and Iridium-192 [44], These materials are commonly used in smoke detectors, oil exploration, industrial gauges, food and mail irradiation, cancer therapy, industrial radiography, and in research laboratories. 

Antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, indium, iridium, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, nickel, palladium, platinum, potassium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, selenium, silver, sodium, tellurium, thallium, zinc... 

As shown in Table 11.1, hydrothermal emissions are a major source of soluble iron, manganese, and zinc and a minor source of aluminum, cobalt, copper, and lead. Other elements with significant hydrothermal inputs include lithium, rubidium, cesium, and potassium. Considerable uncertainty also surroimds these flux estimates because they are the result of extrapolations from measurements made at a small number of hydrothermal systems at single points in time. These fluxes appear to vary significantly over short time scales as tectonic activity abruptly opens and closes cracks in the oceanic crust. 

Cesium-137 is a highly useful radioisotope that emits its radiation at a very steady and controllable rate. This makes it useful as an atomic clock because it is extremely accurate and never needs winding or a new battery. It is also useful as a radiation source for treatment of malignant cancers. Cs-137 has replaced the much more dangerous cobalt-60 as a source of radiation in industry and medicine. 

Silca, crystalline-quartz, 628 Chromyl chloride, 175 Fthylidene norbornene, 335 Methomyl, 443 Cobalt hydrocarbonyl, 182 Decaborane, 203 Benomyl, 67 Diborane, 211 Pentaborane, 555 Osmium tetroxide, 546 Cesium hydroxide, 131 Alumina trihydroxide, 38 Aluminum oxyhydroxide, 38 Vinyl toluene, 738 Nonylphenol, 541 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, 279 Trimethyl benzene, 712 Methylcyclohexanol, 465 Terphenyls, 656 Isooctyl alcohol, 409 Anisidine, 52... 

Iluxional cobalt complex, 25 70 of cobalt complexes, 12 281-288 of cobalt(lll) complexes, 12 389-391 " Cs NMR spectra, of cesium amide, 25 247... 

The CHEMIC process is effective in removing cadminm, mercnry, lead, iron uranium, strontium, cesium, and cobalt. The process also removes other inorganic and organic materials present as suspended or colloidal solids. 

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