Coagulation adsorption process

The coagulation, flocculation, and adsorption processes were modeled mathematically using classical coagulation theory as a starting point. The Smoluchowski equation for orthokinetic coagulation in laminar flow is written (18)... 

Papic, S Koprivanac, N Loncaric Bozic, A Metes A. Removal of some reactive dyes from synthetic wastewater by combined Al(lll) coagulation/carbon adsorption process. Dyes and Pigments, 2004 62, 293-300. 

Evidently the valency relationship is by no means rigid, and in addition the various observations do not agree amongst themselves. It has already been noted that the process of coagulation is the result of a series of independent operations primarily dependent on an adsorptive process due to diffusion the manner in which the... 

Adachi A., M. Kamide, R. Kawafume, N. Miki, and T. Kobuyashi (1990). Removal-efficiency of anionic and nonionic surfactants from chemical wastewater by a treatment plant using activated carbon adsorption and coagulation precipitation processes. Environmental Technology 11 133-141. 

Screening strategy Precipitation and coagulation Membrane processes Ion exchange Electrochemical Adsorption... 

Manoxol (sodium 2-actylosulfosuccinate) was the detergent tested. The results of Ma-noxol removal in Alj (804)3 coagulation and AAH adsorption processes was shown in Fig. 3. The data indicate that at low final Manoxol concentrations the adsorption process is more effective than the conventional coagulation process. 

Water treatment in waterworks may be solved by means of either unified or individual technology. In Poland and other countries, the coagulational — adsorptive system, frequently cormected with preliminary oxidation is proposed for surface water treatment. In these solutions, powdered carbon is an adsorptive bed and granular carbon serves to the final purification. In the case of equal concentrations of pollutants only dynamic sorption is used [17—22]. The knowledge of mechanisms of adsorption, sorbent characteristics, concentration and kind of pollutants, other factors influencing sorption capacity of carbons and kinetics of adsorption is required for the correct solution of adsorption processes [23, 24]. 

Mchedlov-Petrossyan et al. [138] studied the interaction of cationic dyes such as indopolycarbocyanine and methylene blue with the CggFWSs, and demonstrated the occurrence of a strong interaction between the cationic dyes and the dispersed phase of the Cgg hydrosol, which resulted in adsorption at the surface of the coUoid particles and finaUy in the coagulation of the sol [131, 134] Such adsorption processes are accompanied by the neutrahzation and hydrophobization of the Cgg/water interface and play a decisive role in coagulation phenomena. 

Effects of the atmospheric aerosol depend not only on the concentration and size but also on the chemical composition of particles. For this reason the study of the chemical nature of particulate matter in the atmosphere is of crucial importance. This study is rather complicated because of the small mass and concentration of the particles. Furthermore, due to coagulation, condensation and gas adsorption processes, one particle can contain several different materials, that is, the aerosol is internally mixed9. 

The important aspect of adsorption processes at a liquid interface is lateral mobility which can lead to lateral excess transport of adsorbed molecules. Lateral transport disturbs the equilibrium state of an adsorption layer. In many important systems, such as emulsions, foams, and bubbly liquids, the properties of a non-equilibrium adsorption layer can be essential. This has been demonstrated in the systematic work of the Russian and Bulgarian schools summarised in monographs like "Thin Liquid Films" by Ivanov, "Coagulation and Dynamics of Thin Films" by Dukhin, Rulyov and Dimitrov, and "Foams and Foam Films" by Krugljakov and Exerowa. These books pay most attention to thick film drainage and stabilisation/destabilisation of thin liquid films. This book is focused on other dynamic processes at liquid interfaces in general or connected with phenomena of emulsions and foams. 

MF can remove particles above a certain size (often referred to as turbidity) from surface waters. The removal of organics is possible if they are associated with particulates. This can be achieved by a coagulation/flocculation processes or by the adsorption of organics onto particles. 

Ionizing radiation, gamma radiation source or electron beam, is an excellent tool for the purification of polluted water and wastewater.It involves the reaction of primary radiolytic water products, i.e., ( OH, e, H) with the pollutants and the formation of secondary short-hved species from the pollutants. The secondary process causes the formation of precipitates that absorb pollutants. The general principal is that radiolytic treatment, in combination with traditional methods such as flotation, coagulations, adsorption, and aeration, is employed for the purification of water... 

Only a few studies have been carried out to investigate the simultaneous removal of arsenic and fluoride. Among various methods used, attention has recently focused on the adsorption process (Bibi et a/., 2015 Kagne et al., 2008 Mohapatra et al., 2009 Yadav et al., 2006) and the coagulation with Al (Ruiping et al., 2015). 

The adsorption measurements show that at conditions of monolayer formation 0.5 mMol perfluoropolyether-surfactant can be fixed on 1 g magnetite, and that it is possible to nearly totally eliminate the surfactant from the water carrier. During the adsorption process the modified particles coagulate and can be separated by a simple laboratory magnet. 

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