CO and CO2 formation

2 Electrochemical processes in chloride-oxide melts 1.3.2.1 CI2, CO and CO2 formation 

The CI2 formation process may be divided into a primary step and two parallel secondary steps  

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The heat of combustion of fast coke, AHf, takes into account both CO and CO2 formation as well as the combustion of the hydrogen in the coke. The heat of combustion of the slow coke is given by... 

The CsHe desorption was essentially inhibited in the presence of SO2 because sulfur species can react with Fe O radical to form a relatively stable Fe SOs Fe (see Eq. 23), resulting in a significant decline in the density of available adsorption sites for CsH . Simultaneously, the scarcity of a-02 surface species (Fe 02") due to a competitive SO2 adsorption (Eq. 22) leads to a decrease in both rates of propene oxidation and carbonaceous species (CO and CO2) formation. 

Oxygen uptake, CO and CO2 formation were determined by gas phase analysis after different oxidation times using gas chromatography (GC) (for details see ref 6). 

Allen et al. derived separate equations for CO and CO2 formation based on a mechanism involving reaction between CH4 gas and adsorbed H2O, where the overall rate was controlled by the desorption of the two products. The CO shift reaction took place between adsorbed CO and H2O in the gas phase. The rate expression for CO formation was that given in (15). The numerator relates... 

A limited amount of oxidant (oxygen or air) is introduced into the reactor and is mixed with crushed/pulverized coal feed (either dry or as slurry) to allow volatile products and some of the char reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The basic reactions for the CO and CO2 formation are the partial and total combustion of C, respectively... 

Physical vapor deposition with shadow masks is known for its simplicity for creating defined areas of thin-film catalytic material in microreactors. This technique was used to deposit silver in the reaction manifolds of microreactors for small-scale synthesis of valuable fine chemicals (Figure 1.4a). The manifolds consisted of a network of 16 parallel channels (19 mm x 600(im x 60-220 tm), in which the oxidative dehydrogenation of 3-methyl-2-buten-l-ol to aldehyde was carried out successfully for temperatures up to 464 °C [31]. The conversion increased smoothly with temperature and low oxygen and high alcohol concentrations were beneficial for selectivity, in addition to less deep channels (higher catalyst surface area to reaction channel volume). For temperatures >400°C, the selectivity deteriorated due to CO and CO2 formation. 

CO and CO2. Formation of acetaldehyde can be followed without interference via a feature at 933 cm [77]. However, because of the cut off of CaF2 (around 1000 cm ), a flat ZnSe window had to be used to monitor the band intensity for acetaldehyde (933 cm ). Data for acetic acid (1280 cm ) in Fig. 32 were taken from the spectra obtained with the ZnSe window. 

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