Cnidarian

Lethal and sublethal effects of copper compounds are documented for selected species of aquatic biota, including algae, macrophytes, cnidarians, mollusks, arthropods, annelids, and fishes. 

Sea anemones Ammonia viridis) in seawater solutions containing 50.0 or 200.0 xg Cu/L regulate copper by expelling zooxanthellae, which are shown to accumulate copper. 

Photosynthesis and growth in sensitive species of freshwater algae are inhibited by copper concentrations of 1.0-6.0 ttg/L. For sensitive 

Initial effects of copper on mussels Mytilus spp.) include valve closure, a reduction in filtration rates, and cardiac inhibition all these responses serve to slow the uptake of copper through a reduction in mussel contact with the ambient environment and a reduction 

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All of the luciferases cause the emission of a bluish light when they catalyze the oxidation of coelenterazine. However, there are some marked differences between the decapod shrimp luciferases and the cnidarian luciferases (Matthews et al., 1977a,b). For example, the luminescence caused by the former (Amax about 452 nm) is bluer than that caused by the latter (7max 470-480 nm), and the optimum pH of the former, about 8.5, is significantly higher than that of the latter (Renilla, 7.4 Ptilosarcus, 7.0). The optimum temperature of the decapod shrimp luciferases (35°C) is higher than those of Ptilosarcus (23°C) and Renilla (32°C). 

Haddock, S. H. D., Rivers, T. J., and Robison, B. H. (2001). Can coelenter-ates make coelenterazine Dietary requirement for luciferin in cnidarian bioluminescence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 11148-11151. 

Shostak, S. and Kolluri, V. (1995), Symbiogenetic origins of cnidarian cnidocysts , Symbiosis, 19, 1-29. 

Glynn, P.W., A.M. Szmant, E.F. Corcoran, and S.V. Cofer-Shabica. 1989. Condition of coral reef cnidarians from the northern Florida reef tract pesticides, heavy metals, and histopathological examination. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 20 568-576. 

J. Engman (The cnidarian lab), and D. Brand (Public domain), respectively. 

Quinn B, Gagne F, Blaise C (2009) Evaluation of the acute, chronic and teratogenic effects of a mixture of eleven pharmaceuticals on the cnidarian, Hydra attenuate. Sci Total Environ... 

The freshwater cnidarian Hydra attenuata was only recently exploited to assess the acute lethal toxicity of wastewaters [37,104]. The advantages of using Hydra for bioassay include its wide... 

Cnidarians (Coelenterates). Jellyfishes are commonly eaten in Japan and elsewhere in the Orient without any known cases of poisoning. 

Pascoe D., W. Kamtanut, and C.T. Muller (2003). Do pharmaceuticals affect freshwater invertebrates A study with the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. Chemosphere 51 521-528. 

In coral reefe, high natural product diversity stems from the many sponges, cnidarians, corals, and... 

The Mediterranean has also given peculiar triterpenes of squalene origin and an unusual cyclized cembranoid, coralloidolide C (Chart 7.5.A/I/PO). The latter resembles diterpenoids from tropical octocorals, indicating that these cnidarians, on migration to temperate waters, have conserved genes for secondary metabolites. 

Chemical bias toward certain molecular arrangements may also determine the commonness of certain metabolites (Pietra 1995), such as the aplysinopsins (indole alkaloids of many sponges, cnidarians, and mollusks. Chart 8.2. A), bis-indole and guanidine alkaloids (Chart 8.2.A), isoprenoids (Pietra 1995, Chart 8.2.1), and polypropionates of mollusks, sponges, and fungi (Chart 8.2.FA/PO). 

A major diversification of the enzymes of the early cnidarians during Cambrian times was advocated for case (6) above. Judging from fossil molecules, isoprenoids in a wide variety of structures were invented at those early times (Chapter 16.1). Later, this capability was transferred to the plants, where further diversification occurred. Symbionts may have taken part to these affairs, although disentangling their contribution would be arduous since the integrated biont may have formed a new whole, the holobiont (Pietra 1995). 

The list of natural product similarities from land and the sea is immense, with metabolites of all chemical classes. On land these mostly derive from bacteria, cyanobacteria, plants, fiingi, insects, amphibians, and mammals in the sea, besides bacteria and cyanobacteria, the sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, moUusks, ascidians, and sharks produce most. The ascidians are exclusively marine, and the sponges, cnidarians, and bryozoans are productive only in the sea. Dietary metabolites are also... 

The relative contribution to the cup of natural products by marine and terrestrial organisms is outlined in Table 9.1. Column entries are the phylum, class or order, number of species, biogenetic class of metabolites produced, their bioactivity level, and a qualitative indication as to the average molecular complexity (Whitlock 1998). The latter property receives closer attention in Table 9.II for specific molecular skeletons. These data warrant several conclusions. First, unusual secondary metabolites on land derive mostly fi-om green plants and arthropods, while in the sea are the algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, and ascidians that give most. This is true no matter if the molecular skeleton, or the actual metabolite, or even the bioactivity, is examined. 

In the cnidarians, the true medusae (Cubozoa) contain unusual toxic polypeptides in their nematocysts. The anthozoans are characteristic for the production of lower terpenoids similar to those from terrestrial plants (Pietra 1995). Bryozoans, in analogy with the sponges, are only productive in the sea, giving unusual metabolites, in particular novel macrolides (Table 9.1). 

Moll.> br. overall 5,000 seaweeds, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, and ascidians ... 

Many terpenoids from land and the sea have the same skeleton. Although the skeletal distribution per taxon is not represented in Fig 11.1, a perusal of Charts 1-10 shows that the greatest skeletal similarities occur for the terpenoids from plants and cnidarians (Pietra 1995), which are comprised in the violet ribbon for marine and land (fourth from the left). 

A high variety of isoprenoids is also observed for fossil molecules (Fig. 11.1, pink ribbon, first to the left). This suggests that the first cnidarians at Cambrian times have extensively exploited what the terpene chemistry allows (Pietra 1995). Although overshadowed by diagenetic transformations, and not comprising volatiles for obvious reasons, Chart 16.1 is suggestive of the structure of these early isoprenoids. 

Identities and similarities between terpenoids from plants and extant anthozoans suggest that cnidarians developed, during the Cambrian burst, the ability to make terpenoids, which was later acquired by the plants (Pietra 1995). Evidence from fossil molecules is missing, however. 

Secondary consumer Cnidarian testb Hydra attenuata assay Acute lethality (after a 96-h exposure) Blaise and Kusui, 1997... 

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