Clothing wools

Polymers are integral parts of mankind as building blocks of himself (protein, nucleic acids), his clothing (wool, cotton, polyester), building materials (wood, polystyrene), in the accumulation of knowledge (paper, ink), etc. The polymer industry today is at parity with the total metal-based industry and employs more chemists than all the other areas of chemistry combined. 

WOOL, The natural, highly crimped fiber from sheep, wool is one of the oldest fibers from the standpoint of use in textiles. Minute scales on the surface of the fibers allow them to interlock and are responsible for the ability of the fiber to felt, a phenomenon responsible for felt cloth and mill-finished worsteds. Crimpiness in wool is due to the open formation of the scales. Fine merino wool has 24 crimps per inch ( " 10 per centimeter). Luster of the fiber depends upon the size and smoothness of the scales. The basic wool protein, keratin, comprises molecular chains that are linked with sulfur. When sulfur is fed to sheep in areas deficient of the element, the quality of the wool improves. Wool fibers that fall below 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) in length are known as clothing wool fibers 3-7 inches (7.5-17.8 centimeters) long are referred to as combing wools. The wool-liber diameter ranges from 0.0025 to 0.005 inch (0.06-0.13 millimeter). See also Fibers. 

Figure 7. Wetting time vs. HLB for various ethoxylated nonionics. Test conditions method—JIS-K-3362-1965 roller-cloth wool—10 X 90 mm surfactant concentration—0.1 wt % temperature—25°C. (he-) C10.itSAE (-%-) Clt.n SAE (-Q-) Cu.16 SAE hA ) Clt + n PAE (Ziegler) (-M ) NPE)...

Figure 36. Wetting power of disodium sulfosuccinate half ester of Clt.lk secondary alcohol ethoxylates (SFT-MES-series). Test conditions surfactant concentration—0.1 wt % cloth—wool. ((-%-) SFT-MES-series (- -) LAS)...

High purity hexafluorozirconic acid and its salts are produced by Advance Research Chemicals of the United States, and Akita and Moritta of Japan. The technical-grade green-colored material is suppHed by Cabot Corp. of the United States. In 1993, the U.S. market for fluorozirconic acid was about 250,000 kg/yr the world market was less than 500,000 kg/yr. A principal part of this production is consumed by the wool, garment, and upholstery industries. The 1993 price varied between 2.4 to 6.6/kg depending on the quaUty and quantity required. Potassium fluorozirconate [16923-95-8], K ZrF, is commercially important the world market is about 750,000 kg/yr. The most important appHcation is as a fire-retardant material in the wool (qv) industry, for the manufacture of garments, upholstery for aeroplane industry, and children s clothes (see Flame retardants). The 1993 unit price was between 5.0 and 6.6/kg. 

Wool is unique among clothing fibers it is not only the oldest, it is also the only fiber to have been used continuously and universally. 

Wool, as a keratin, is a highly cross-linked, insoluble proteinaceous fiber, and few animals have developed the specialized digestive systems that aUow them to derive nutrition from the potential protein resource. In nature, these few keratin-digesting animals, principally the larvae of clothes moths and carpet beetles, perform a useful function in scavenging the keratinous parts of dead animals and animal debris (fur, skin, beak, claw, feathers) that ate inaccessible to other animals. It is only when these keratin-digesting animals attack processed wool goods that they are classified as pests. Very often they enter domestic or industrial huildings from natural habitats such as birds nests. 

The amount of set imparted in steam-setting depends on the pH and moisture content of the wool as well as the time and temperature of setting. In continuous machines the conditions are mild and Htde permanent set is imparted. In batch machines, the wool is often set at temperature up to 136°C for 3—5 min. This imparts large amounts of permanent set to the fibers. Impregnation of the wool with reducing agents increases the rate of permanent setting. The amount of cohesive set imparted in both batch and continuous machines depends on the temperature of the fibers when the fabric is released from the wrapper cloth. The cooler the fabric, the more cohesive the set imparted. 

BC. Archaeological findings indicate its use in cloth in 3,000 BC, and there are records of its cultivation in India as far back as 700 BC. In the fifth century BC, Herodotus wrote of "trees" growing wild in India bearing wool of a softness and beauty equivalent to that of the sheep clothes made from this tree wool were described as garments of extraordinary perfection. 

The test colorfastness to potting, ISO 10S-E09, is of importance for dyed wool as potting is one of the processes woven wool fabrics can be given before they are made up iato clothing. The procedure is similar to EOS except that the test conditions are 1 h immersion ia boiling water. 

People have used polymers for far longer than metals. From the earliest times, wood, leather, wool and cotton have been used for shelter and clothing. Many natural polymers are cheap and plentiful (not all, though think of silk) and remarkably strong. But they evolved for specific natural purposes - to support a tree, to protect an animal -and are not always in the form best suited to meet the needs of engineering. 

Wool cloths can be used to handle acid solutions with concentrations up to 5-6%. Wool cloth has a life comparable to that of cotton in neutral liquors. Wool is woven in the duck-like square cloth weave, or with a raised nap or it may be formed as... 

The carbon bed can be supported by glass wool, wire cloth, etc. Columns and fixtures can be constructed from glass, plastic, reinforced fiberglass, or metal. Borosilicate glass is commonly used. It is essential that all columns used in the pilot system have at least the same internal diameter. 

The nature of the surrounding population. The distribution of tlie population indoors varies depending on tlie lime of day and the season, tlie overall healtli of the population (senior citizens, infirm, etc.), and tlie type of clothing being worn (cotton, wool, polyester, etc.) by tlie personnel exposed to a possible heat radiation. 

---