Climatic variability causes

Any current warming of the earth is small and is probably quite normal climate variability, (2) There is no noticeable increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, (3) Talk of rising sea levels is alarmist and not supported by data, (4) Despite claims to the contrary, research shows that temperatures and carbon dioxide levels have been higher than today, (5) The current level of carbon dioxide is no cause for alarm,. . . and (7) An increase in the level of carbon dioxide is not the cause of global warming. 

In general, calculations of industrial emissions rely on default values according to the industrial sector, emission rates, wind velocity and direction, anticipated substance flows through the environment, abatement technologies and wastewater treatment processes (see [114]). Site-specific assessments and local environmental exposure assessments must also account for geographic variability caused by climate, hydrology, geology, and biotic conditions [115]. 

Here we should refer to the opinion of some other authors who have argued that increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere may be a consequence of atmospheric warming, rather than the cause. The statistical analysis led Kuo et al (1990) and recently A. Kapitsa (2000) to the conclusion that, although there is a correlation between p(C02) and global temperatures, the changes in p(C02) appear to lag behind the temperature change by ca. 5 months. A possible explanation, if this trend is proved correct, would be that natural climatic variability alters the temperature of the global Ocean, which contains about 90% of total CO2 mass. In turn, this leads to increase of CO2 flux from the warmer oceanic water to atmosphere in accordance with the Henry law (see Box 1 for explanation). 

If the low-frequency variations in the solar irradiation were correct, they could explain the climate variability in the period before 1900 or so, but because of the small amplitudes they cannot explain the rapid warming during this century. The solar forcing must therefore with high probability be excluded as the major cause of climate warming during the 20th century. Neither is the solar variability required to explain the variability of climate as documented over the last millennium, since this can be explained by internal variability of the climate system. 

Control mechanisms for the food intake of farm animals can be envisaged as operating at three levels. At the metabolic level, concentrations of nutrients, metabolites or hormones may stimulate the nervous system to cause the animal to start or stop feeding. At the level of the digestive system, the quantities of digesta may determine whether or not the animal ingests more food. Finally, external influences such as climatic variables and the ease with which food can be ingested will also influence food intake. In... 

Rose, J.B., Epstein, P.R., Lipp, E.K., Sherman, B.H., Bernard, S.M., and Patz, J.A. (2001). Climate variability and change in the United States potential impacts on water- and foodbome diseases caused by microbiologic agents. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 Suppl 2, 211-221. 

Most variation in human 5 C values in Europe is related to regional differences in climate most of the variation in 5 N seems to be caused by variable consumption of animal protein, combined with poorly understood variation in plant nitrogen values. Finally, we also conclude that the causes of slightly high 5 N values in humans are not yet well-understood. 

Box models are limited in their ability to show temporal and spatial variability. In the case of the former, rates and reservoir sizes are liable to change over time. For example, plankton distributions tend to fluctuate on a seasonal, and even a daily, basis. Climate change appears to be causing rate and abundance changes over longer time periods, such as decades. This temporal variability is difficxflt to show in the box model format. One approach is to provide a range of values for the rate or reservoir size. Likewise,... 

At sea level, Pj is approximately 1 atm, but exhibits some temporal and spatial variability. For example, the annual mean pressure in the northern hemisphere is 0.969 atm and in the southern hemisphere is 0.974 atm, with monthly averages varying by as much as 0.0001 atm, i.e., about 1 mbar (1 atm = 1013.25 mbar). These fluctuations are caused by spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric temperature and water vapor content associated with weather, and seasonal and longer-term climate shifts. Pj is also affected by diurnal atmospheric tides, and it decreases with increasing altitude above sea level. Some gases, such CO2 and O2, exhibit seasonal variability that is caused in part by seasonal variability in plant and animal activity (see Figures 25.4 and 6.7). 

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