Climate energy balance

Significant economies of computation are possible in systems that consist of a one-dimensional chain of identical reservoirs. Chapter 7 describes such a system in which there is just one dependent variable. An illustrative example is the climate system and the calculation of zonally averaged temperature as a function of latitude in an energy balance climate model. In such a model, the surface temperature depends on the balance among solar radiation absorbed, planetary radiation emitted to space, and the transport of energy between latitudes. I present routines that calculate the absorption and reflection of incident solar radiation and the emission of long-wave planetary radiation. I show how much of the computational work can be avoided in a system like this because each reservoir is coupled only to its adjacent reservoirs. I use the simulation to explore the sensitivity of seasonally varying temperatures to such aspects of the climate system as snow and ice cover, cloud cover, amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and land distribution. 

I use the seasonal simulation to explore the sensitivity of this energy balance climate model to such features of the climate system as permanent ice and snow at high latitudes, seasonal ice and snow, cloud cover, carbon dioxide amount, and the distribution of the continents. 

Program DAV08 is an 18 reservoir energy balance climate model... 

Program DAV10 is an 18 reservoir energy balance climate using the long wave radiation formulation of Kuhn et al. (1989) in LWFLUX Albedo formulation of Thompson and Barron in SWALSEDO with land and sea ice. 

I also applied the revised computational method to calculate zonally averaged temperature as a function of latitude. I introduced an energy balance climate model, which calculates surface temperature for absorbed solar energy, emitted planetary radiation, and the transport of heat between... 

Chapter 8 presented the last of the computational approaches that I find widely useful in the numerical simulation of environmental properties. The routines of Chapter 8 can be applied to systems of several interacting species in a one-dimensional chain of identical reservoirs, whereas the routines of Chapter 7 are a somewhat more efficient approach to that chain of identical reservoirs that can be used when there is only one species to be considered. Chapter 7 also presented subroutines applicable to a generally useful but simple climate model, an energy balance climate model with seasonal change in temperature. Chapter 6 described the peculiar features of equations for changes in isotope ratios that arise because isotope ratios are ratios and not conserved quantities. Calculations of isotope ratios can be based directly on calculations of concentration, with essentially the same sources and sinks, provided that extra terms are included in the equations for rates of change of isotope ratios. These extra terms were derived in Chapter 6. 

Thompson, S. L., and S. H. Schneider. 1979. A seasonal zonal energy balance climate model with an interactive lower layer. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2401-14. 

Hannah D, Gumell A, McGregor G (2000) Spatio-temporal variation in micro-climate, the energy balance and ablation over a cirque glacier. Int J Climatol 20 733... 

Water is among the most important compounds on earth. It is the main constituent of the hydrosphere, which along with the mantle, crust, and the atmosphere are the four components of our planet. It is present everywhere on earth and is essential for sustenance of life. Water also determines climate, weather pattern, and energy balance on earth. It also is one of the most abundant compounds. The mass of all water on earth is l.dxlO i kg and the total volume is about l.dxlO km, which includes 97.20% of salt water of oceans, 2.15% of fresh water in polar ice caps and glaciers, 0.009% in freshwater lakes, 0.008% in saline lakes, 0.62% as ground waters, 0.005% in soil moisture 0.0001% in stream channels and 0.001% as vapors and moisture in the atmosphere. 

Calculations of annual average global SAT using the energy-balance climate model with various scenarios of temporal variations of C02 concentrations have led to SAT intervals in 2020, 2050, and 2100 to be 0.3°C-0.9°C, 0.7°C-2.6°C, and 1.4°C-5.8°C, respectively. Due to the thermal inertia of the ocean, delayed warming should manifest itself within 0.1°C-0.2°C/10 years (such a delay can take place over several decades). 

Crowley (2000) estimated the contributions of various factors to climate formation (SAT changes) for the last 1,000 years using an energy-balance model of climate. According to the results obtained... 

Next to the temperature gradient inside the snowpack, an important driving force for snow metamorphism is wind, that lifts, transports and redeposits snow crystals, changing snowpack mass and density " and deposits aerosols inside the snowpack.Wind and temperature are climatic variables that determine metamorphism and snowpack physical properties such as albedo and heat conductivity. These properties affect the energy balance of the snow-atmosphere and of the soil-snow interfaces, which in turn affect climate. 

Harvey, L. D. D. (1988). A semianalytic energy balance climate model with explicit. sea ice and snow physics. / Climate I, 1065- 1085. 

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