Clean Fuels Planning

The total amount of funding provided by public entities in 2002 was estimated at 40 million. This figure includes all subsidies provided in France by the European Union for "hydrogen and fuel cells" work as part of the FP5 program. French public authorities have expressed the desire to develop HFC technologies more extensively, and the French Prime Minister confirmed the "Clean vehicles" plan, which should lead to additional support of 40 million over a period of 5 years. 

A true unknown, beside how much a clean-fuels program will cost individual organizations, is how many refiners will make such an investment. Developed markets suffer from diminished demand growth for products. Mediocre returns from earlier environmental projects taint possible returns on future spending. With such a backdrop, hesitancy on expected spending is anticipated. Yet, the deadlines draw nearer, and plans must be formulated. 

Avidan, A., et al., Improved Planning can Optimize Solutions to Produce Clean Fuels, Hydrocarbon Processing, 47-53 (Feb. 2001). 

DOE-FE. Hydrogen from Coal Program—Research, Development, and Demonstration Plan, 2004-2005. http //www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/hydrogen clean fuels/refshelf/pubs/hold/MYRDDP. pdf (accessed August 30, 2009). 

Many refiners are including die hydrotreating of FCC feed in their plans to make clean fuels. To demonstrate the feasibility of running a rigorous model for an FCC-plus-pretreater complex, we connected AHYC to AFCC. To link... 

In conclusion, several hidden opportunities typically are not addressed by refiners when developing plans for Clean Fuels. In our experience ... 

Robinson, P.R. Thiessen, J.M. Hanratty, P.J. Mudt, D.R. Pedersen, C.C. Plan For Clean Fuel Specifications With Rigorous Models, NPRA Computer Conference, Paper No. CC-00-143 (2000)... 

When the Clean Air Act of 1990 was signed into law, electric utiUties were requited to estabUsh plans and initiate projects to comply with that Act s Tide IV. Each utihty had to evaluate how the various commercial and emerging clean coal systems fit into the utiUty s technical and business environment resulting in strategies to utilize fuel switching and wet throwaway FGD processes almost exclusively (38,85,86). 

Natural gas is the fuel of choice wherever it is available because of its clean burning and its competitive pricing as seen in Figure 1-30. Prices for Uranium, the fuel of nuclear power stations, and coal, the fuel of the steam power plants, have been stable over the years and have been the lowest. Environmental, safety concerns, high initial cost, and the long time from planning to production has hurt the nuclear and steam power industries. Whenever oil or natural gas is the fuel of choice, gas turbines and combined cycle plants are the power plant of choice as they convert the fuel into electricity very... 

EPZ has constructed a 90 MWth CFB gasifier at Amer 9 power plant for the gasification of 150 kton/a of waste B-wood (Euroform 1998, 1999). The fuel gas produced is cooled, cleaned and co-combusted in the 600 MWe boiler of Amer-9, With an efficiency of 35% it replaces 70 kton/a of coal and delivers 205 GWh/a with a yearly COj reduction of 170 kton/a. Start of the operation is planned for mid-2000. 

Currently, USATHAMA is investigating or cleaning up environmental problems at over 83 installations. These include depots and equipment rebuild facilities, ammunition plants, and installations listed in the ccngressionally mandated base closure plan. In this work a wide variety of contaminates have been encountered from sources such as plating sludges, degreasers, paint and solvent wastes, and fuels/lubricants. 

Bodde believes that public policy is difficult to tailor to the strands of opportunities entrepreneurs follow. Perhaps the strongest policy need, therefore, is constancy of intent—a set of public priorities that are likely to stay in place for the 10-year planning horizon of the entrepreneurs and their investors. Entrepreneurs can then direct their investments accordingly. Other effective policies would seek to align public needs with private markets, allowing the societal preferences for clean air and fuel security to be expressed in customer preferences as well. 

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