Clavicle

Schluss, m. closing close seal conclusion end (Elec.) connection, contact, also circuit (Textiles) closeness, body, -deckel, tn. cover. SchlUssel, tn. key code screw driver or wrench (Elec.) key, switch, -bein, n. collar bone, clavicle, -blume, /. primrose, -formel, /. key formula, -nummer, /. key number. 

Tonsillectomy at age 5, fractured right clavicle (sports related) FH... 

Hereinafter follow the powers and privileges of the man who holds in his right hand the Clavicles of Solomon, and in his left the Branch of the Blossoming Almond ... 

Open the thorax and cut along the sternum, avoiding damage to the sternum and clavicles. 

Remove right forelimb (clavicle remains with axial skeleton), and examine scapula including tuberositas delteoidea, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges from all aspects. 

Leave fetus on its back examine clavicles examine symmetry and degree of ossification in each region of the spine examine all cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae (centra, arches, and cartilages) as well as ribs from the ventral aspect and count cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae as well as ribs. 

A seven-month-old child "fell over" while crawling, and now presents with a swollen leg. At age one month, the infant has multiple fractures in various states of healing (right clavicle, right humerus, right radius). At age seven months, the infant has a fracture of a bowed femur, secondary to minor trauma (see x-ray below). The bones are thin, have few trabecula, and thin cortices. A careful family history ruled out nonaccidental trauma (child abuse) as a cause of the bone fractures. The child is most likely to have a defect in ... 

Alprostadil infusion can produce bone cortical hyperostosis. Periosteal changes have been described in 15 neonates after the administration of alprostadil for more than 1 week (10). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly raised. The long bones and clavicles were most commonly involved and symmetrically affected. The scapula was involved in two cases and the ribs in seven. The involvement of clavicles has not been previously reported. 

Miss Muxdroozol sits back in Bob s massaging, high-back, executive leather chair. She smiles as the five built-in battery-powered massaging units begin to work on her clavicle areas. For a moment, Bob s mind wanders as he thinks of the chair s pneumatic gas lift, providing instant seat height adjustment. 

On a low wooden desk is a collection of furculas, V-shaped bones formed by the fusion of the clavicles at the breastbone. Apparently it is customary for Miss Muxdroozol and her kin to collect the bones of their long-dead ancestors. 

The subclavian artery can be damaged by a fractured clavicle or a cervical rib, with later embolization up the vertebral arteries or even up the right common carotid artery (Prior et al. 1979). 

Pacemakers like these are usually implanted under the skin below the clavicle and connected to the heart by a wire inserted into a major vein in the neck and guided down into the heart. Photograph byEamonn McNulty National Audubon Soa-ety Collectionff boto Researcbers, Inc. Reproduced by permission. 

Central venous catheters are reluctantly used as blood access for hemodialysis because of safety concerns and frequent complications, for example sepsis, thrombosis, and vessel stenosis. Nevertheless, 20% or more of all patients rely on atrial catheters for chronic dialysis because of lack of other access. Potentially fatal risks related to central venous catheters include air embolism (1), severe blood loss (2), and electric shock (3). These specific risks have been substantially eliminated by the inherent design and implantation of Dialock (Biolink Corporation, USA). Dialock is a subcutaneous device consisting of a titanium housing with two passages with integrated valves connected to two silicone catheters. The system is implanted subcutaneously below the clavicle. The tips of the catheters are placed in the right atrium. The port is accessed percutaneously with needle cannulas. 

Fracture of a central venous catheter due to compression between the clavicle and the adjacent first rib has been reported (5). A pinched-off sign on X-ray indicates the need to remove the catheter, because of a significant risk of subsequent fracture, which has an incidence of 0.9%. Catheters lying anterior to the subclavian vein between the clavicle and the first rib are hable to be compressed and to fracture subsequently. This is a potentially life-threatening complication that can be averted by correct placing of the central venous catheter and by immediate chest radiography to search for evidence of catheter kinking or compression. 

A 67-year-old woman was provided with a totally implantable venous device in the right subclavian vein by the Seldinger technique with a peel-away sheath. The device was used for a course of chemotherapy. After about 1 month there was subcutaneous extravasation of the drug. A chest X-ray showed that the sihcone catheter had fractured below the clavicle and the distal portion of the catheter had embolized into the right atrium. The fragments were removed. 

This pinched-off effect appears to be due to narrowing of the catheter as it passes over the first rib and beneath the clavicle, when using the Seldinger technique, but it is usually only observed after long-term use. The authors recommended that the cephalic cut-down (Seldinger) technique is best avoided. 

Ramsden WH, Cohen AT, Blanshard KS. Case report central venous catheter fracture due to compression between the clavicle and first rib. Clin Radiol 1995 50(l) 59-60. 

A 63-year-old man developed small, asymptomatic, linear papules over the neck and clavicles. He had taken prednisone and ciclosporin for 30 months after kidney transplantation (158). A skin biopsy showed sebaceous hyperplasia. 

An 85-year-old man developed a voluminous, rapidly evolving tumor beneath the right clavicle where a titanium pacemaker had been implanted 5 years before. Immunohistochemistry showed that it was a rhabdomyosarcoma. 

Bone is developed by two methods. Membranous development involves bone formation directly from cartilaginous tissue. Osteoblasts directly deposit calcium and other mineral in this mesenchymal-derived tissue. The skull and portions of the clavicles (collar bone) are formed by this method and, at birth, portions of the membrane persist in the skull and are referred to as soft spots . 

Appendicular skeleton The limbs (the clavicles, scapulae, bones of the pelvis, and the... 

Initial assessment of the CXR evaluates the quality of the film for patient rotation, inspiratory effort, and penetration. Rotation is assessed by evaluating symmetry of the clavicles and central placement of the Carina. Inspiratory effect is considered adequate if the diaphragms are pulled below the ninth rib. Lack of inspiratory effort and obesity lead to a poor-quality CXR, which makes it more difficult to assess the presence of pleural effusions and fluid in the costophrenic angles. Where possible, comparison with previous or baseline films is done to determine the quality of film and comparison of structures. 

In adults, RBCs are formed in the marrow of the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicle, pelvic (iliac) crest, and the proximal epiphyses of the long bones. In children, most bone marrow space is hematopoietically active to meet increased RBC requirements. 

Metastatic tumors are most commonly attributed to head and neck primary tumors, but sites below the clavicle are also possible. 

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